China Securities Journal

　　The Plan for Accelerating the Construction of a Powerful Agricultural Country (2024-2035) proposes to promote the rural collective construction land to enter the market in an orderly manner, reform and improve the land value-added income distribution mechanism.

　　On April 7th, the Chinese government website reported that the Plan for Accelerating the Construction of a Powerful Agricultural Country (2024-2035) recently issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council proposed to promote the reform of rural collective construction land entering the market in an orderly manner and improve the land value-added income distribution mechanism.

　　The plan is clear, and by 2027, the construction of a strong agricultural country has made remarkable progress. Substantial progress has been made in the overall revitalization of rural areas, and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas has reached a new level. By 2035, the construction of a strong agricultural country has achieved remarkable results. Decisive progress has been made in the overall revitalization of rural areas, agricultural modernization has been basically realized, and rural areas basically have modern living conditions. By the middle of this century, an agricultural power will be fully built.

　　It will be history for more than 50 banks to close ATM scan code deposits without cards.

　　Recently, China Merchants Bank announced that it will stop the ATM scanning code deposit service from April 9. Subsequently, customers can hold the bank card of the bank and handle the deposit business through the ATM or business outlets of the bank.

　　According to the statistics of reporters, in recent years, more than 50 banks have tightened their card-free deposit and withdrawal business and strengthened the due diligence of counter deposit and withdrawal business. The industry believes that with the popularity of new payment methods such as mobile payment, the frequency of card-free deposit and withdrawal business is gradually decreasing, and making such adjustments is a measure for banks to reduce costs and increase efficiency. At the same time, the security risks faced by cash business can not be ignored, which has also become an important reason for banks to tighten such business. Banks should balance the relationship between risk management and optimization of financial services, and must not take measures that obviously do not match the risk situation, and effectively protect citizens’ privacy rights.

　　Central huijin increased its holdings of ETFs and resolutely maintained the smooth operation of the capital market.

　　On April 7th, the announcement issued by Central Huijin Company showed that Central Huijin Company was firmly optimistic about the development prospect of China’s capital market, fully recognized the current value of A-share allocation, and once again increased its holdings of trading open-end index funds (ETFs), and will continue to increase its holdings in the future, resolutely maintaining the stable operation of the capital market.

　　A number of institutions expressed optimism about the prospects of the A-share market. Experts believe that it is the key to expand domestic demand in an all-round way in response to the disturbance of external uncertainties. We should further increase fiscal expenditure and cut interest rates in a timely manner, thus boosting market expectations and confidence. Driven by more active macro policies, the economy is expected to remain stable, providing solid fundamental support for the stability of the capital market.

　　Increase information technology investment in securities firms to promote the transformation of digital intelligence

　　With the disclosure of listed brokers’ annual reports in 2024, the information technology investment of the industry as a whole has gradually emerged. With the rapid development of digital and intelligent technology, most brokers’ investment in information technology continues to increase. Hengqiang, a strong head broker, continues to exert its strength in the field of information technology; Small and medium-sized brokers’ investment in information technology has increased significantly, showing a positive attitude towards digital transformation.

　　In the eyes of the industry, the continuous investment of brokerage financial technology has increasingly played a supporting and leading role in enhancing customer experience, promoting business development and improving management capabilities. With the empowerment of the big model, the service capability of the future securities industry business scenarios will be continuously improved.

　　Shanghai Securities News

　　The operation scene is accelerated from "0 to 1" low-altitude economy "manned era"

　　Recently, Guangdong Yihang Navigation and Hefei Heyi Airlines, subsidiaries of Yihang Intelligent, received the first batch of certificate of operation (OC) for unmanned aerial vehicles carrying human beings issued by the Civil Aviation Administration of China. At this point, Yihang Intelligent became the world’s first eVTOL enterprise with "four certificates" and officially opened the door to commercial operation.

　　The industry believes that the approval of the operation certificate marks a breakthrough from "0 to 1" in the low-altitude economic manned air traffic operation scenario. Next, in addition to the improvement of infrastructure and the continuous breakthrough of technology, it is necessary to find more suitable application scenarios to drive scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation with demand, and help manned unmanned eVTOL aircraft move from pilot to commercialization.

　　The plan of building a strong agricultural country puts forward new requirements for agricultural insurance: perfecting the mechanism of catastrophe risk dispersion and developing a multi-level insurance system

　　Agricultural insurance, which disperses the risks of agricultural production and operation, has always been an important means to ensure national food security. The Plan for Accelerating the Construction of a Powerful Agricultural Country (2024-2035) recently issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan") proposes to improve the catastrophe risk dispersion mechanism of agricultural insurance and develop multi-level agricultural insurance.

　　Experts said that the "Planning" put forward clear requirements for agricultural insurance, aiming at improving the overall level of agricultural security in China and better supporting the construction of China’s agricultural power.

　　"Reciprocal tariff" does not change the industry trend, and Shenzhen New Energy Company has limited influence.

　　Facing the "reciprocal tariff" in the United States, the influence geometry of China’s new energy industry and how to deal with it have attracted much attention. On April 7, a number of new energy listed companies in Shenzhen said that the US "reciprocal tariffs" had limited impact on the company’s business.

　　Some analysts in the new energy industry said that in general, restrictions and suppression policies, including tariff increase, may affect the international market expansion expectations of related industries, but will not have a fundamental impact on companies and industries. China’s new energy industry as a whole is autonomous and controllable, and its advantages are obvious. Some domestic new energy companies have already made a global industrial layout "for a rainy day", which can meet the challenges brought by the diversified needs of customers and changes in the international trade situation.

　　Do a good job of "addition and subtraction" A-share companies take many measures to build a defense system

　　Faced with the possible impact of "reciprocal tariffs" in the United States, listed companies are responding with the thinking of "addition and subtraction".

　　On April 7, a group of listed companies responded to investors’ concerns through an interactive platform. According to preliminary statistics, more than 100 companies in Shanghai stock market responded to the possible impact of tariff policy through the interactive platform, as well as the measures that the company actively responded to.

　　The reporter found that these companies either expand diversified markets through "addition", speed up the construction of overseas bases, or use "subtraction" to optimize the supply chain and reduce the dependence on a single market, thus building a three-dimensional defense system in a complex trade environment. From price strategy adjustment to global production capacity layout, from technology upgrading to business model innovation, listed companies are alleviating tariff shocks with systematic solutions.

　　Securities Times

　　The transformation of enterprise export to technology-driven in the reconstruction of global chemical trade pattern

　　Affected by the so-called "reciprocal tariff" in the United States, the international trade situation has attracted attention. The chemical industry has been under pressure since 2024, but the export of chemical products has increased against the trend. How to interpret the import and export situation of chemical products in China in the future has become the focus of investors’ attention.

　　It is reported that China’s chemical industry is transforming from "scale expansion" to "technology-driven", and its competitiveness in the international market is constantly increasing. The insiders believe that the current global industrial chain reconstruction is coming to a window, the "double carbon" policy promotes industrial upgrading, and the acceleration of industrialization in emerging markets has contributed to the core opportunities for the export growth of China’s chemical industry. At the same time, in response to the adjustment of US tariff policy, China chemical enterprises are expanding their markets in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa, and reducing their dependence on the US market.

　　China car companies, which account for less than 2% of exports to the United States, are limited by US tariffs.

　　A few days ago, the US government confirmed that it would impose a 25% tariff on all cars and trucks produced in whole or in part outside the US, which will take effect on April 3. In addition, import tariffs on auto parts produced outside the United States will be levied on May 3 this year.

　　Commercial pension report card released, account opening exceeded 1.95 million, and the scale exceeded 100 billion yuan.

　　Recently, four pension insurance companies that have piloted commercial pension business have all disclosed their business reports for 2024, from which we can see the general situation of this business in the past two years.

　　According to the statistics disclosed by various companies, by the end of 2024, the cumulative number of accounts opened in the commercial pension business of four pilot companies, PICC Pension, China Life Pension, Taiping Pension and National Pension, was 1.955 million, an increase of more than 220% year-on-year.

　　Short-term shocks do not change the long-term demand growth trend of colored goods.

　　Due to the abuse of tariff tools by the United States, the international prices of copper, nickel, tin and other metals dropped significantly during the Qingming small holiday. After the opening of the domestic futures market on April 7, the overall decline of non-ferrous commodities was the highest. As of the close of the afternoon, Shanghai Bank fell over 9%, Shanghai Tin fell over 8%, and Shanghai Nickel and Shanghai Copper fell over 7%.

　　The industry believes that the US tariff policy will curb the demand for non-ferrous commodities in the short term and have a negative impact on prices. However, in the medium and long term, the supply end of various non-ferrous commodities such as copper and aluminum is facing a tightening situation, and the demand growth trend brought by artificial intelligence, new energy and other fields will not be interrupted by tariffs. Under the rigid consumer demand, the market will achieve rebalancing.

　　Securities daily

　　The policy of "integration of newspaper and bank" continued to be effective. Last year, the income of head insurance companies increased year-on-year, and the income of listed banks’ consignment insurance decreased year-on-year.

　　A set of seemingly contradictory data has just been released. According to the 2024 annual report of listed insurance companies and listed banks, most of the income from bank insurance of listed insurance companies increased year-on-year, while the income from agency sales of listed banks generally decreased year-on-year, and some banks even showed a sharp decline year-on-year.

　　The industry believes that behind the above seemingly contradictory data is the implementation of the policy of "reporting and banking integration" and the transformation and development of the bancassurance business. In the future, the bancassurance channel will remain a very important channel for the insurance industry, and "value bancassurance" is one of the key tasks that insurance companies should focus on.

　　Observation on the "books" of private banks of 14 listed banks in 2024: The scale of private bank asset management of two state-owned banks exceeded 3 trillion yuan last year.

　　High-net-worth customers, as one of the most valuable customers in retail finance business, have always been the focus of commercial banks’ competition and service. As of April 7th, 23 A-share listed banks have disclosed their 2024 annual reports, and the private banking "books" of major commercial banks have surfaced.

　　Based on the analysis of 14 large and medium-sized listed banks (including 6 state-owned banks and 8 national joint-stock banks) that published the data of private banking last year, the Securities Daily reporter found that although the retail financial business of commercial banks is under pressure, the private banking business of listed large and medium-sized banks has performed well as a whole, and the ranking tends to be stable. Last year, the number of private bank customers of the above 14 banks all showed a high growth rate. Among them, five banks had more than 100,000 private bank customers, and seven private banks had asset management scales of more than 1 trillion yuan. The growth rate of nine asset management scales last year was above 10%.

　　The potential of inbound tourism continues to release many foreign tourists.

　　Online celebrity’s "IShowSpeed" (nicknamed "Brother Hyperthyroidism" in Chinese), which has tens of millions of fans, is broadcasting the trip to China live. During the Qingming small holiday this year, he appeared on the streets of Shenzhen for a live tour, lamenting that "Shenzhen is a science and technology city". In Shenzhen Happy Coast, he took a ride () and looked up at U8 to experience driving in the water, while in Huawei’s store, he bought three "three-fold mobile phones" at one go.

　　The potential of China’s inbound tourism market continues to be released. According to the official micro "Beijing Border Inspection Online" news of Beijing Entry-Exit Frontier Inspection Station, in the first quarter of this year, the number of foreigners entering and leaving Beijing Port exceeded 1.1 million, a year-on-year increase of 44%; According to the "Shenzhen Border Inspection" news of Shenzhen Entry-Exit Frontier Inspection Station, in the first quarter of this year, 1.57 million foreigners entered and exited through various ports in Shenzhen, up 39.5% year-on-year.

　　Ding Yuyu, a senior investment consultant of Shaanxi Jufeng Investment Information Co., Ltd., said in an interview with the Securities Daily: "On the one hand, visa-free policies have greatly improved the travel experience of foreign tourists in China; On the other hand, all parts of China actively create city business cards to enhance the attractiveness of cities; At the same time, tourism enterprises have carried out overseas promotion activities, improved the international popularity of China tourism through social media, tourism exhibitions and other channels, and promoted the rapid development of China’s inbound tourism industry. "

　　The dispute over the technical route of power battery is still deadlocked.

　　In the field of power batteries, today, the domestic market share of lithium iron phosphate batteries has exceeded 80%, while ternary lithium batteries still adhere to some high-end markets.

　　On April 7th, the official website of GGII released the Monthly Database of Global Power Battery Installed, which showed that from January to February this year, the installed share of global power batteries in Ferrous lithium phosphate exceeded that of ternary power batteries for the first time, accounting for 49.9%, driven by the substantial increase in the installed capacity of power batteries in Ferrous lithium phosphate, China. According to the latest data released by China Automotive Power Battery Industry Innovation Alliance, the domestic power battery loading capacity was 34.9GWh in February this year, up 94.1% year-on-year. Among them, the loading capacity of ternary lithium battery is 6.4GWh, accounting for 18.5% of the total car, down 7.2% year-on-year; The loading capacity of lithium iron phosphate battery was 28.4GWh, accounting for 81.5% of the total car, up 158% year-on-year.

　　As the core component of new energy vehicle, the choice of technical route of power battery directly affects the vehicle performance and market competition pattern. In the past ten years, ternary lithium battery and lithium iron phosphate battery have experienced a long market game. In the face of escalating market demand, the competition between ternary lithium batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries will continue to be glued.

　　On the whole, the final trend of technical route still depends on material innovation and changes in market demand. In particular, breakthroughs in key indicators such as energy density and fast charging technology may reconstruct the market competition pattern. At present, high-voltage dense Ferrous lithium phosphate, as a sharp weapon to improve the energy density of batteries, has become a key force to lead Ferrous lithium phosphate to continuously seize the market highland, and it is expected to build a moat of enterprise competition and further promote the reshuffle of the industry.

　　

　　Cctv news(Reporter Wang Xiaoying) On April 5th, the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council held a press conference. Jiang Fan, first-class inspector of the Foreign Trade Department of the Ministry of Commerce, Jin Hai, director of the General Administration of Customs, Danfu Liu, director of the Certification and Supervision Department of the State Administration of Market Supervision, and Zhang Qi, deputy director of the Device Supervision Department of National Medical Products Administration, introduced the work of strengthening the quality management of medical materials and standardizing the market order, and answered media questions on the quality of export products and related certification.

　　Put an end to unqualified epidemic prevention materials entering the market

　　How to ensure the quality and safety of COVID-19 virus detection reagents, medical masks, medical protective clothing, ventilators, infrared thermometers and other epidemic prevention and control materials after the outbreak?

　　Zhang Qi said that National Medical Products Administration has comprehensively strengthened the quality supervision of medical devices for epidemic prevention and control, strengthened the supervision and inspection of key links such as raw material procurement, production process control and product release, and urged enterprises to organize production in strict accordance with regulatory requirements and standards. For the problems found, enterprises are ordered to rectify in place, resolutely prevent unqualified products from entering the market, and ensure the quality and safety of medical devices from the source.

　　At the same time, strengthen quality inspection, severely crack down on illegal activities of manufacturing and selling counterfeit and inferior medical devices, publish the relevant registration information of approved products on the website of National Medical Products Administration, and update it in time according to the examination and approval, so as to provide reference for the selection of purchasers and facilitate the export supervision of relevant departments.

　　Restrict the export of medical materials? non-existent

　　On March 31, the Ministry of Commerce, together with the General Administration of Customs and the Food and Drug Administration, issued the Announcement on Orderly Exporting Medical Materials, requiring that the exported five types of products, such as testing reagents, medical masks, medical protective clothing, ventilators and infrared thermometers, must obtain the registration certificate of medical devices in China, which meets the quality standards of importing countries (regions), and the customs shall examine and release them with the registration certificate of medical devices approved by the drug supervision department.

　　Regarding the above announcement, some people understand that China wants to restrict or even stop the export of key medical materials. In this regard, Jiang Fan said that China has not restricted and will not restrict the export of medical materials.

　　Jiang Fan further explained that the purpose of the announcement is to strictly control the product quality, standardize the export order, and better play the important role of medical materials in the global fight against the epidemic. In fact, it is the firm action of the China government to support the global fight against the epidemic and the initiative to play the role of a responsible big country.

　　Jiang Fan said that at present, there are more than 2,000 medical device manufacturers who have obtained product registration certificates approved by China’s drug regulatory authorities. For foreign buyers, the number of suppliers to choose from is relatively sufficient, and the quality of supply is more guaranteed, reminding foreign buyers to choose partners from the list of enterprises announced by the drug regulatory authorities to avoid normal export because products do not meet the qualification requirements.

　　Investigate and deal with quality problems of export epidemic prevention materials together.

　　Earlier, some media reported that some countries claimed that some medical materials such as masks purchased from China had quality problems.

　　Jiang Fan responded that the reasons for the above problems are various. For example, the quality standards of Chinese and foreign products are different, and there are differences in usage habits. Even improper operation by users can cause some quality questions.

　　Jiang Fan said that if there are quality problems in the export of medical materials, we will seriously investigate and find them together, investigate and deal with them together, punish them according to law, and never tolerate them, strictly control the export quality, standardize the business order, earnestly safeguard the image of "Made in China" and give full play to the important role of medical materials in supporting global epidemic prevention and control.

　　China has exported 10.2 billion yuan of epidemic prevention materials.

　　With the global COVID-19 epidemic, the demand for medical materials in various countries is also increasing. Since late March, China’s export of epidemic prevention and control materials has increased significantly.

　　Jiang Fan said that as of April 4th, 54 countries (regions) and 3 international organizations had signed commercial procurement contracts with enterprises in China, and 74 countries and 10 international organizations were conducting commercial procurement negotiations with enterprises in China. In the future, the Ministry of Commerce will speed up the export of medical materials needed by the international community.

　　According to customs statistics, from March 1st to April 4th, a total of 10.2 billion yuan worth of major epidemic prevention and control materials were exported. Jinhai introduced that these materials mainly include about 3.86 billion masks, worth 7.72 billion yuan; 37.52 million pieces of protective clothing, worth 910 million yuan; 2.41 million infrared thermometers, worth 330 million yuan; 16,000 ventilators, worth 310 million yuan; Novel coronavirus has 2.84 million boxes of test reagents and 8.41 million pairs of goggles.

　　Do masks need to be certified for export? The official gives a reliable certification guide

　　There is an increasing demand for epidemic prevention products in China in many parts of the world. However, because domestic enterprises need to pass the CE certification of the European Union and the registration procedures of the US FDA to export masks to the European Union and the United States, some enterprises blindly entrust intermediaries to apply for foreign certification.

　　Danfu Liu said that in order to facilitate the smooth entry of enterprise products into Europe, the United States and other markets, the General Administration of Market Supervision has compiled a certification information guide for the export of epidemic prevention products such as masks to the European Union and the United States, which can be viewed on the websites of the General Administration of Market Supervision, the National Certification and Accreditation Administration and WeChat official account.

　　The certification information guide includes EU CE mark, US FDA registration and other related requirements, and also lists the list of institutions that can do the above business in China at present.

　　He called on enterprises to find a legal certification body when certification, and to understand the market access requirements of export destination countries.

Jing Zheng Fa [2015] No.23

The people’s governments of the districts and counties, the commissions, offices and bureaus of the municipal government, and the municipal institutions:

　　The Measures of Beijing Municipal People’s Government for Supervision and Inspection are hereby printed and distributed to you, please implement them carefully.

the people’s government of beijing city

April 23, 2015

Measures of Beijing Municipal People’s Government on Supervision and Inspection

Chapter I General Provisions

　　Article 1 These Measures are formulated in accordance with the Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Strengthening the Supervision and Inspection Work of the Government (Guo Ban Fa [2014] No.42) and the Notice of the Beijing Municipal People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Working Rules of the Beijing Municipal People’s Government (Jing Zheng Fa [2013] No.5), combined with the actual work of this Municipality.

　　Article 2 The supervision and inspection work is an important guarantee for implementing the strategic layout of "building a well-off society in an all-round way, deepening reform in an all-round way, ruling the country according to law in an all-round way and strictly administering the party in an all-round way", an important guarantee for implementing the major decision-making arrangements of the party and the government, and an important way for the government to fully perform its duties. Doing this work well is of great significance to ensure the full implementation of major decision-making arrangements of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, the municipal party committee and the municipal government, fulfill the responsibilities of "four services", strengthen the strategic positioning of the capital city, and build a world-class harmonious and livable capital.

　　Article 3 We should regard supervision and inspection as an important part of government work, earnestly strengthen organizational leadership, put it on the important agenda, put forward supervision and inspection requirements when studying and making decisions, make clear the supervision and inspection items when deploying work, and check the implementation after making decisions.

　　Article 4 We should take ensuring the smoothness of government decrees and the implementation of work as the starting point and the end result of supervision and inspection work, as an important criterion to measure the effectiveness of supervision and inspection work, promote the government’s scientific decision-making, improve its work style, establish a new policy of keeping promises and actions, truly implement orders and prohibitions, ensure that everything is implemented and everything echoes, and continuously improve the government’s credibility and execution.

Chapter II Work Organization System

　　Fifth to establish a unified leadership of the government, the general office (room) comprehensive coordination, supervision and inspection agencies to organize the implementation of the supervision and inspection work system. The supervision and inspection institution is responsible for the formulation and implementation of the work plan, as well as the coordination of supervision and inspection work of various departments at the same level and the guidance of supervision and inspection work of subordinate units. The supervision and inspection institutions at all levels of the government system should strengthen cooperation with the supervision and inspection institutions of the party committees at the same level, and give full play to the supervisory role of the administrative supervision of the supervisory organs and the special audit of the auditing departments, the public opinion supervision of the news media, the auxiliary role of the opinion polls of the statistical departments, and the professional evaluation role of the third-party institutions.

　　Article 6 The Secretary-General of the municipal government shall be responsible for overall coordination and guidance of the supervision and inspection work of the municipal government system. The general office of the municipal government is the competent department of the municipal government’s supervision and inspection work, and is responsible for overall coordination and overall planning to promote the supervision and inspection work of the city’s government system; The municipal government supervision room is located in the general office of the municipal government. It is a full-time institution that performs the duties of supervision and inspection of the municipal government. It is mainly responsible for organizing, coordinating and guiding the supervision and inspection work, and conducting direct supervision on major decision-making matters.

　　Article 7 The county governments, departments and units of the municipal government are the concrete implementation units of the decision-making arrangements of the municipal party committee and the municipal government, and bear the main responsibility. The main responsible comrades are the first responsible persons for the supervision and inspection work, and take overall responsibility for the implementation of the work. At the same time, the district and county governments should make it clear that the executive deputy district (county) heads, and all departments and units of the municipal government should make it clear that a responsible comrade is directly in charge of the supervision and inspection work. District and county governments should set up special supervision and inspection institutions; All departments and units of the municipal government should clearly undertake the supervision and inspection functions, and the units with heavy workload and heavy tasks should set up special supervision and inspection institutions.

Chapter III Work Tasks and Division of Labor

　　Article 8 The main task of supervision and inspection work is to promote the implementation of major decisions and arrangements made by the Party and the government. It mainly includes: supervision and inspection of the implementation of laws, regulations and normative documents, supervision and inspection of the implementation of matters decided at important meetings, supervision and inspection of the implementation of instructions and tasks assigned by leading comrades and other matters that need supervision and inspection. We should pay special attention to the supervision and inspection of the implementation of important documents, important meetings, important speeches and instructions of leading comrades and other major decision-making arrangements in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.

　　Ninth according to the supervision and inspection tasks, the division of labor is as follows:

　　(a) the documents issued by the general offices of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council, and the leading comrades of the municipal party committee and the municipal government instruct the relevant districts, counties, departments and units to implement them, and the general office of the municipal government is responsible for supervision and inspection, and the main responsible unit shall, jointly with the co-organizers, do a good job of implementation as required.

　　(two) in the name of the municipal party committee, the municipal government or the general office of the municipal party committee and the general office of the municipal government, the general office of the municipal government shall jointly carry out supervision and inspection according to the relevant requirements; Documents issued in the name of the municipal government and the municipal government office shall be supervised and inspected by the municipal government office; By the unit that submitted the document as the main responsible unit, in conjunction with the co-organizers to do a good job of implementation as required.

　　(three) the important meeting of the municipal government decided matters, the main leaders of the municipal government presided over the special meeting of the municipal government decided matters of supervision and inspection and feedback report by the general office of the municipal government; The supervision and inspection of the matters decided by the special meeting of the municipal government presided over by other leading comrades of the municipal government shall be the responsibility of the general office of the municipal government or the relevant departments that undertake the meeting.

　　(four) the instructions of the party and state leaders, and the supervision, inspection, feedback and coordination of the instructions, instructions and matters assigned by the leading comrades of the municipal party Committee and the municipal government shall be in charge of the general office of the municipal government; Matters assigned by leading comrades in the investigation and other matters related to emergency management, external liaison, proposal handling, government information and other work areas that need supervision and inspection, according to the principle of "who undertakes, who supervises", the corresponding undertaking department shall be responsible for supervision and inspection according to the division of responsibilities.

　　(five) the municipal government leaders in foreign visits and activities at home and abroad to determine the need to implement matters by the foreign affairs department of the municipal government is responsible for collecting and sorting out, and urge the relevant departments to implement.

　　Tenth involves a number of departments to undertake the inspection matters, the main unit responsible for undertaking the task is mainly responsible for the implementation of the work, and the co-organizers bear corresponding responsibilities. The main responsible unit should take the initiative to communicate with the co-organizers, and the co-organizers should actively cooperate with the work to form a joint force for implementation.

Chapter IV Related Work System

　　Eleventh to continuously deepen and improve the relevant work system, to ensure that the supervision and inspection work is carried out in a standardized and orderly manner.

　　(a) the deadline for reporting system. The municipal government should take the initiative to report the implementation of major decision-making arrangements to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Municipal Party Committee in a timely manner. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the municipal party committee and municipal government held an important meeting, after the introduction of major decisions, after the release of important speeches by leading comrades, in principle, the main responsible unit in conjunction with the co-organizers should submit to the municipal government to convey the deployment and promote the implementation within one month; Submit the work progress and effect within 3 months; Further implementation shall be submitted within half a year and one year. Major progress, important situation, and the implementation of emergency supervision matters should be reported in a timely manner.

　　(two) major special supervision system. According to the important documents and meetings of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the municipal party committee and municipal government, as well as the important instructions and instructions of leading comrades, the municipal government inspection team will be formed in a timely manner, and the staff will be deployed to concentrate their efforts and time to carry out on-the-spot inspection activities, understand the truth, coordinate services and supervise the implementation.

　　(3) Information notification system. On the implementation of key supervision matters involving the overall situation, the general office of the municipal government is responsible for reporting on a monthly basis in the form of a monthly special report on key supervision matters; For units that have achieved remarkable results, it is necessary to sum up experience and exchange and promote them; The work progress is slow, ineffective implementation of the unit, to point out the problem, instructed to report the reasons, to be informed criticism and urge the rectification.

　　(4) Dynamic management system. Establish and improve the process-based work norms, and realize the whole process and dynamic management of the government’s major decision-making arrangements. When the government makes major decision-making arrangements, the supervision and inspection institutions should establish the supervision and inspection work ledger simultaneously with relevant departments, refine the division of tasks, clarify the responsible units, specify the completion time limit, strengthen follow-up supervision, and ensure the implementation of tasks.

　　(5) Joint supervision system. According to the needs of the work, for major decision-making tasks involving many departments, which are difficult to implement or professional, the government supervision and inspection agencies may jointly carry out supervision and inspection with the supervision and inspection agencies of the party committees at the same level or professional departments.

　　(6) Regular consultation system. Led by the supervision and inspection institutions and attended by relevant departments, regular communication meetings will be held to inform the progress of major decision-making arrangements, especially those that have publicly promised to complete the time limit, and coordinate and solve problems encountered in the work.

　　(7) Investigation and review system. For the important supervision matters concerned by the leaders and involving the vital interests of the masses, the supervision and inspection institutions should conduct on-the-spot investigation and review, and carry out "looking back" and "re-supervision" in a timely manner to consolidate the implementation results and ensure the effectiveness.

　　(eight) supervision and investigation system. Actively carry out supervision and research around the hot issues that the masses care about, the difficult issues in the implementation of decision-making and the key issues that leading comrades pay attention to. Go deep into the grass roots, find problems, find out the reasons, put forward countermeasures and suggestions, and provide reference for scientific decision-making.

　　(9) Performance management system. Incorporate the implementation of supervision matters into the scope of government performance management. Organize experts, scholars and third-party evaluation agencies to evaluate the performance of decision-making implementation.

Chapter V Accountability

　　Twelfth district and county governments, municipal government departments and units should seriously cooperate with the work of supervision and inspection agencies, and shall not pass the buck, make false reports; Inspectors should adhere to principles, strictly observe work discipline, and ensure honesty and fairness. If dereliction of duty, violation of discipline and law are found in the implementation of major decision-making arrangements, the relevant information and clues should be transferred to the supervisory organ in a timely manner, and the responsibility should be seriously pursued.

　　Chapter VI Team Building

　　Thirteenth district and county governments, municipal government departments and units should be fully staffed with full-time (part-time) inspectors, and select personnel with good political quality, hard ideological style, strong professional ability and familiarity with all aspects to engage in supervision and inspection work. It is necessary to strengthen the training of inspectors, improve the ability of comprehensive coordination, policy grasp, investigation and research, and build a team of supervision and inspection cadres who are brave in taking responsibility, daring to take responsibility and grasping implementation. At the same time, it is necessary to provide necessary conditions and financial guarantee for inspectors to carry out their work.

　　Fourteenth in order to further strengthen the supervision and inspection work, in the city, district and county governments to establish a system of inspectors. The inspector is a person with high political quality, rich work experience, courage to take responsibility, good at finding problems, communication and coordination, and strong ability to solve problems. The main duties of the inspector are: to supervise and inspect the implementation of major decision-making arrangements of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, the municipal party Committee and the municipal government; Supervise and investigate the implementation of key work in cities, districts and counties, and make unannounced visits to understand and reflect the demands, opinions and suggestions of grassroots cadres and the masses; Timely feedback to supervise and inspect the work.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 15 The supervision and inspection work of district and county governments, municipal government departments and municipal institutions shall be implemented with reference to these measures, and corresponding implementation rules shall be formulated according to the actual work.

　　Sixteenth approach by the municipal government office is responsible for the interpretation of.

　　Article 17 These Measures shall be implemented as of the date of promulgation.

　　Attachment: 1. Work Procedures for Major Special Supervision of the Municipal Government

　　　　　2 important meetings of the municipal government to implement the supervision procedures.

　　　　　3 important documents of the municipal government to implement the supervision work procedures.

　　　　　4 major decisions of the municipal government, leadership instructions, assigned matters supervision procedures.

　　　　　5 municipal government key supervision matters monthly special report work procedures

　　　　　6 "inspection notice", "inspection reminder" and "inspection withdrawal" sample table (omitted)

　　Annex 1

Municipal government’s major special inspection procedures

　　Major special inspection refers to the large-scale on-the-spot inspection activities organized and carried out by the general office of the municipal government, which is composed of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, important documents and important meetings of the municipal government, and the spirit of important instructions and instructions of leading comrades. Major special inspection procedures include five steps: inspection project establishment, mobilization training, on-site inspection, comprehensive report and rectification implementation.

　　First, the supervision project

　　Inspection project generally includes four links: making inspection plan, drafting inspection plan, reporting to leaders for approval, and issuing inspection notice.

　　(a) to formulate the inspection plan. The general office of the municipal government, in consultation with the relevant units, selects the work that affects the overall situation, has strong timeliness and is concerned by leading comrades as a major special inspection item, and formulates the annual major special inspection plan of the general office of the municipal government for approval according to the procedures. During the implementation of the plan, relevant contents should be adjusted in time according to the changes of the situation and the requirements of leading comrades.

　　(two) drafting supervision plan. The general office of the municipal government shall, in accordance with the annual major special inspection plan, study and formulate major special inspection plans in consultation with relevant units. Generally, it includes: inspection basis, inspection content and key points, inspection time, inspection objects, inspection team members, mobilization training, inspection methods, inspection report methods, news propaganda, and inspection work organization and coordination.

　　(three) reported to the leadership for approval. The general office of the municipal government drafted instructions, and submitted the inspection plan to the leaders of the municipal government for instructions according to the procedures. In the request, we should clarify the basis, purpose and method of carrying out major special inspections, briefly introduce the drafting process of the inspection plan, summarize the opinions of relevant departments and units, and put forward suggestions for carrying out major special inspections. According to the inspection plan, draft the inspection notice and submit it for approval together with the inspection plan.

　　(four) issued a notice of supervision. According to the inspection plan approved by the leading comrades, the inspection notice is issued.

　　Second, mobilization training

　　Mobilization training is specifically undertaken by the general office of the municipal government. Generally, it includes four links: forming inspection team, determining training content, compiling inspection manual and organizing mobilization training.

　　(1) to form an inspection team. The general office of the municipal government informed the relevant departments and units participating in the inspection to register, and put forward the requirements for the level and number of personnel participating in the inspection. According to the registration situation, determine the group list, and clarify the responsible persons, contacts and members of each group.

　　(2) Determine the training content. It mainly includes: defining the objectives and tasks of supervision, introducing relevant information, interpreting policy documents, teaching supervision methods, putting forward work requirements, and determining the division of labor of supervision.

　　(three) the supervision manual. The important documents involved in the work and the important speeches, instructions and instructions of leading comrades, as well as the inspection work plan, the list of grouping personnel, the contact information of each group, the work requirements and relevant regulations, will be compiled into a book, the classification will be determined, and the inspection team will be distributed.

　　(4) Organizing mobilization training. Generally, 3 days before the on-site inspection, all inspectors will be trained in centralized mobilization. The main agenda includes: inviting leading comrades to mobilize and deploy major special inspection work and put forward requirements; Ask the responsible comrades or experts of the relevant units to introduce the situation and interpret the policy; Organize inspectors to study and communicate in groups, be familiar with relevant policies and documents, and clarify the division of tasks.

　　Third, on-site supervision

　　Field inspection generally includes four links: determining the itinerary, carrying out field inspection, feeding back inspection opinions and submitting group reports.

　　(1) Determine the itinerary. Each inspection team timely contacted the inspected districts, counties or departments to study and refine the inspection plan, and put forward specific requirements for the inspection work of this group.

　　(two) to carry out on-site supervision.

　　1. Listen to the situation report. In order to fully understand the implementation of the work, we should listen to the reports on the work of the districts, counties and departments, and master the implementation, successful experience, effective practices and existing problems of the key issues of supervision.

　　2. Conduct field visits. According to the inspection tasks and inspection scope, we should go deep into the reality, the grassroots and the masses, and take unannounced visits to check the progress of various work and the implementation of relevant policies.

　　3. Make an objective assessment. The inspection team made a timely quantitative and qualitative analysis of the implementation of relevant policies and measures, made a realistic assessment of the progress and effect, and found out the existing problems.

　　4. Put forward rectification requirements. The inspection team carefully sorted out the outstanding contradictions and problems found, studied and analyzed the subjective and objective reasons, and put forward rectification requirements.

　　(three) feedback supervision opinions. Each inspection team timely gives feedback to the inspected districts, counties or departments, evaluates the overall situation, points out the existing problems, and puts forward rectification requirements.

　　(4) Submit the group report. The heads of the inspection teams are responsible for organizing the drafting, forming a group report with detailed contents, clear views and clear suggestions, and submitting it to the municipal government inspection room in time after the on-site inspection.

　　Fourth, the comprehensive report

　　The comprehensive report generally includes three links: drafting inspection report, reporting inspection situation and reporting inspection report.

　　(1) Drafting the inspection report. After the on-the-spot inspection, the general office of the municipal government convened a meeting of the heads of the inspection teams or the writers of the group reports in time, listened to the reports of the inspection teams, exchanged the inspection work, and drafted the inspection report.

　　(two) report the inspection situation. The general office of the municipal government shall, as the case may be, draw the executive meeting or special meeting of the municipal government to listen to the report on the work of the inspection team. If the leaders agree to report, the general office of the municipal government shall, jointly with the relevant units, prepare for the report.

　　(three) submit the inspection report. According to the instructions of the leading comrades and the spirit of the meeting, the inspection report will be further revised and improved, and the opinions of relevant units will be solicited in writing, and then reported to the leading comrades according to the procedures.

　　V. Implementation of rectification

　　The implementation of rectification generally includes three links: informing the inspection situation, urging the rectification of problems, and reporting the rectification results.

　　(1) Informing the inspection. The general office of the municipal government will notify the inspection report approved by the leading comrades in the form of "inspection and feedback".

　　(2) urge the problem to be rectified. The general office of the municipal government issued an inspection notice on the problems found in the inspection, put forward the work requirements, defined the working time limit, urged the relevant districts and counties or departments to do a good job in rectification and implementation, and reported the rectification report on schedule.

　　(3) Report the rectification results. The rectification report submitted by the relevant districts, counties or departments shall be submitted to the leading comrades after being audited by the general office of the municipal government. For the key issues concerned by leading comrades, depending on the situation, the rectification situation can be verified by means of return visit and review.

　　Annex 2

The important meeting of the municipal government to implement the supervision procedures.

　　First, project establishment

　　According to the minutes and minutes of the meeting of the municipal government, timely summarize the important decisions of the meeting that need to be supervised, clarify the responsible units, and stipulate the time limit for completion.

　　Second, turn to do

　　In accordance with the principle of "who undertakes, who supervises", the "Notice of Supervision" will be issued, and the important decisions of the meeting will be notified to the relevant units in a timely manner.

　　Third, reminders

　　The conference organizer should strengthen communication with relevant units to understand the progress of the implementation of important decisions of the conference. For the important decisions of the meeting that have not been implemented within the prescribed time limit, timely reminders will be made, and the relevant units will be instructed to report the progress of handling and the reasons for not implementing them, and the time limit for implementation will be extended.

　　Fourth, focus on supervision

　　The relevant units in the report of the extension period has not been implemented, need to be investigated and held accountable, organized by the conference organizer in consultation with the municipal government supervision room investigation, focus on supervision, find out the reasons for the failure to implement, and put forward suggestions and report to the leading comrades. When necessary, organize on-site inspection in the name of the municipal government or the general office of the municipal government.

　　V. Feedback of inspection report

　　After receiving the inspection task, the relevant units should quickly organize the implementation according to the requirements and report the implementation of important decisions of the meeting within the prescribed time limit.

　　VI. Audit Report

　　The meeting organizer shall review the implementation of important meeting decisions reported by relevant units. If the situation is unclear, further verification shall be carried out; If the handling results do not meet the requirements, the "Inspection Withdrawal Form" will be issued and returned for re-handling.

　　VII. Summary Report

　　In accordance with the method of "one inspection per meeting and one feedback per month", the conference organizer will regularly sort out the implementation of important decisions of the monthly inspection meeting and report them to leading comrades.

　　Annex 3

Procedures for the supervision of the implementation of important documents of the municipal government

　　I. Task decomposition

　　(a) when drafting a document, the document organizer should consider the responsibility for the implementation of the tasks mentioned in the document. When the conditions are ripe, the division of responsibilities can be listed in the document, or a separate written division of key tasks will be submitted for approval with the document.

　　(two) after the issuance of the document, the leading comrades require the formulation of the division of key tasks, and the general office of the municipal government or the organizer shall formulate the division of labor plan according to the instructions and instructions of the leading comrades, and submit it for approval according to the document processing procedures.

　　(three) when formulating the division of labor plan, it is necessary to clarify the responsibility to specific units; Involving more than two units, it is necessary to fully solicit opinions and clarify the lead unit.

　　(4) The division of labor plan should put forward a scientific and reasonable time limit for the completion of key tasks, and require the lead unit to actively play the role of overall coordination, timely carry out mid-term inspection and task completion evaluation according to the nature and needs of the tasks, and report to the municipal government.

　　Second, the situation report

　　(a) in accordance with the principle of "who formulates the division of labor scheme, who takes the lead in supervising", if the division of labor scheme requires mid-term inspection and task completion assessment, the general office of the municipal government or the organizer shall urge the relevant units to report the interim progress and task completion to the municipal government in a timely manner; There is no requirement to carry out mid-term inspection and task completion assessment, and the relevant units shall report the completion to the municipal government according to the completion time limit.

　　(two) the interim progress and task completion report submitted by the relevant units, in accordance with the principle of "who supervises, who submits for approval", by the general office of the municipal government or the organizer according to the document processing procedures for examination and approval.

　　Third, supervision and inspection

　　(a) to find that the work progress is slow, the general office of the municipal government or the organizer should promptly urge the relevant units to speed up the work progress. If the tasks are not completed within the prescribed time limit, the general office of the municipal government or the organizer shall, according to the needs, issue a notice of inspection, request to report the progress and the unfinished reasons, and propose to extend the time limit for completion. By the organizer is responsible for the supervision, if necessary, please consult the general office of the municipal government to jointly carry out supervision.

　　(two) involving major decision-making arrangements, the need to organize special supervision, at the beginning of each year by the municipal government office in consultation with the relevant units into the annual major special supervision plan, in accordance with the "municipal government major special supervision procedures" to organize the implementation.

　　Supervise the implementation of other important documents, and refer to this procedure.

　　Annex 4

The municipal government’s major decision-making matters, leadership instructions, assigned matters supervision procedures.

　　First, decompose the project

　　(1) Project establishment. Where the government decides or the main leading comrades give instructions and assign matters that need to be supervised and inspected, the general office of the municipal government is responsible for classifying and decomposing, refining the division of tasks, defining the responsible units, determining the time limit for completion, putting forward opinions to be done one by one, and establishing work ledgers.

　　(2) Assigned. The general office of the municipal government shall, according to the contents of the inspection items and the responsibilities of the relevant units, timely hand over the inspection items to the specific contractor in the form of convening an assigned meeting or issuing the "Inspection Notice", and clarify the relevant requirements.

　　(3) undertaking. After receiving the inspection, the organizer shall submit it to the principal responsible comrades of the unit for review, establish the project management responsibility system, formulate the implementation plan, and handle it carefully as required.

　　Second, supervision and inspection

　　(1) supervision. Take on-site supervision, joint supervision, unannounced visits, telephone reminders, network supervision and other ways to implement the whole process management of supervision matters. For important supervision matters, it is necessary to clarify the person in charge of supervision; For matters that cannot be implemented on schedule, the organizer should be urged in time; If the implementation results do not meet the requirements, they should be returned to do it again.

　　(2) review. The general office of the municipal government is responsible for auditing the project management responsibility system, implementation plan, handling situation and feedback report of the organizer, and conducting on-site verification on the handling of important matters with high social concern and great influence.

　　(3) report. The organizer is responsible for timely feedback and reporting the implementation. The feedback report should be practical and realistic, and report one thing at a time, focusing on the outstanding difficulties and problems existing in the implementation, which will be reported after being issued by the main responsible comrades of this unit.

　　Affected by objective factors, after many efforts, the work requirements and major decision-making objectives of the municipal government have not been implemented as planned, and the organizer shall report to the municipal government in writing within the prescribed time limit and explain the reasons; If it is necessary to adjust the task and the time limit for handling, the organizer shall ask the municipal government for instructions in writing, and after approval by the municipal government, the supervision and inspection institutions shall supervise and inspect according to the adjusted task objectives.

　　(4) filing. The completed inspection items shall be collected, sorted and filed in accordance with the relevant provisions, and shall be handed over to the archives department for management on a regular basis or filed for future reference by the supervision and inspection institutions.

　　Third, performance appraisal

　　The general office of the municipal government shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the municipal government’s performance management, carry out performance evaluation on the implementation of supervision matters by the organizer through task formulation, process monitoring, year-end debriefing and evaluation feedback.

　　Annex 5

Working procedure of monthly special report on key supervision matters of municipal government

　　The key supervision items include: the items that need to be supervised and implemented in the municipal government documents; Important meeting of the municipal government decided to focus on matters that need to be supervised and implemented; Matters that need to be supervised and implemented in the important instructions of the leaders of the municipal government.

　　First, comb regularly

　　Before the 3rd working day of each month, the relevant offices of the general office of the municipal government shall sort out the implementation of key supervision matters, and send them to the municipal government supervision room according to four categories: those that have not been completed within the extended time limit, those that are being processed within the extended time limit, those that are being processed within the specified time limit, and those that have been completed. For the matters being handled within the extended time limit, it is necessary to explain the reasons for not being settled within the prescribed time limit and put forward the extended time limit for handling; For matters that have not been settled within the extended time limit, it is necessary to explain the reasons for not being settled and clarify the responsible units that have not been settled.

　　Second, the examination and approval

　　The municipal government supervision room comprehensively summarizes the implementation of key supervision matters, and publishes the implementation of three types of matters, such as being handled within the extended time limit, being handled within the prescribed time limit, and having been completed, in the "Supervision and Feedback (Monthly Special Report on Key Supervision Matters)" (see Table 1), and submits it for approval according to procedures; The relevant information about the unfinished matters within the extended time limit will be published in the Supervision and Feedback (Supplement) (see Table 2) and submitted for approval according to the procedures.

　　Third, print and distribute

　　For the inspection and feedback (monthly special report on key inspection matters) examined and approved by the competent leaders, the municipal government inspection room shall print and send the mayor, deputy mayor, secretary general and deputy secretary general in time, and send a copy to the relevant districts, counties, departments and relevant units; On the examination and approval of the supervision and feedback (Supplement), the municipal government supervision room timely printed and sent to the relevant leading comrades of the municipal government and the relevant deputy secretary general, and copied to the relevant units.

　　The Spring Festival is coming. After 80s, Ronaldinho decided that he would never go back to the countryside for the Spring Festival this year. He was born in a village in Dayi Town, leiyang city, Hunan Province. After graduating from junior high school, he went to work in Guangdong, and later his family bought a house and moved into Leiyang City. "Almost every household in our village group bought a house in Leiyang City, and some elderly people stayed in the village." He told reporters.

　　Ronaldinho is a microcosm of farmers in Leiyang. According to a survey conducted by the reporter of Economic Information Daily in the past year, under the tide of "farmers buying houses and entering cities", some central and western cities that "grew wildly" are bloated, the pressure on urban public services is increasing, and the financial burden is unbearable. In contrast, most towns and villages are accelerating their decline.

　　Urban swelling: the "tide of entering the city" under the prosperity of real estate

　　Leiyang, located in central China, is a county-level city with the largest urban area and the largest urban population in Hunan. This is "a ‘ Savage growth ’ The city that got up ",some people commented on the urban development of Leiyang.

　　Leiyang is a key coal-producing county in China. Since 2000, with the rise of the domestic real estate market, Leiyang has set off a climax of entering the city, with farmers as the main force, and 70% of the commercial houses in the urban area are purchased by farmers. In some villages, almost whole groups and villages of farmers went to cities to buy houses on a large scale. With the large-scale expansion of Leiyang city, the population has risen sharply.

　　A local civil servant in leiyang city told reporters that there are 40 villagers’ groups where his hometown is located, and only 6 households live in the countryside, all of which have gone to the city. It is understood that those who polish shoes on the streets of Leiyang and drive motorcycles to carry passengers are basically farmers who have bought houses in urban areas.

　　Many cheap "small property houses" have also lowered the threshold for Leiyang farmers to enter the city. During the development of villages in the early years, the planning and management of the local government once lagged behind, and many village collectives and villagers after land acquisition and demolition adopted the policy of "building where there is land and blooming everywhere", which led to a sharp increase in the accumulation of small property houses in the city.

　　Because many taxes and fees have not been paid and facilities are not complete, small property houses are cheap. According to local sources, in 2000, the price of a small property right bought in Leiyang city center was 300 yuan to 400 yuan, while the price of a commercial house in the same lot was about 500 yuan to 600 yuan. Today, the average price of commercial housing in Leiyang is around 3,000 yuan per square meter, and the price of small property houses ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 yuan.

　　Letting children receive education in the city is the "greatest common denominator" of Leiyang farmers’ motivation to enter the city. The above-mentioned civil servants explained to reporters that the allocation of resources in cities is still much better than that in the countryside, especially education. Parents in rural areas, some prefer to buy a house by shining shoes in the city, but also to train children to study in the city.

　　The large urban population has created commercial prosperity for Leiyang, which has spawned a large number of employment opportunities. "It feels practical to buy a house in the city. I am also a city dweller. This is the idea of farmers in Leiyang, and they are also very proud." For this analysis, Ronaldinho agreed: "Everyone has gone to town, only a few old people still live in the countryside, and you are embarrassed to keep it alone."

　　Town decline: people go to the building and the industry is not good.

　　Contrary to the accelerated expansion and development of Leiyang city, it is the accelerated decline of local small towns. Ronaldinho’s hometown, Dayi Town, is located in the southeast corner of leiyang city. Visiting the market town of Dayi Town, the reporter found that there was a commercial street with Huizhou architecture behind the main street, and most of the storefronts on both sides of the street were not decorated and used, and they were empty. On the first floor, there is a special bazaar with a large area. Under the zoning signs such as "Fruit Area", the long cement platform where all kinds of goods are scheduled to be placed has already been covered with thick dust. There are only a few families who buy a house on the facade and live there.

　　In order to prosper the small town, Dayi Town had some brains. The town government introduced investors to create a commercial "new district", helped introduce the Postal Savings Bank, built new kindergartens, bought some properties, and transformed developers into standard public rental housing.

　　However, the reporter found that the "Dayiwei Commercial New Street", a key project attracting investment from leiyang city, has not been opened for operation for several years, and has not played its initial purpose of effectively driving small towns. According to reports, the direct reason is that some store owners in the market town are worried about the loss of interests and do not agree to open the farmer’s market. The local government has coordinated many times.

　　Dayi is a big coal-producing town in Leiyang, with thousands of coal miners. When the coal price was high a few years ago, there were more floating people on the streets. The low price of coal has led to the "economic depression" of the whole town, which has also slowed down the construction of local small towns.

　　The population rushing to buy a house in the city has not only weakened the prosperity of the market town of Dayi Town, but also taken away many students from Dayi Town, and also worried the local government that if the investment in rural education is increased, if the number of students is not stable in the future, wouldn’t it be a waste?

　　"The most profound feeling of farmers entering the city is that farmers with a little economic strength in the rural areas of Leiyang are willing to send them to urban schools even if their children go to primary school." A rural female teacher told reporters that her school was formed by the merger of two primary schools, but after the merger, the number of students in one class is now less than the peak before the merger.

　　Despite the difficulties, Dayi Town is still trying to build small towns and try to keep the population as much as possible. In recent years, a waterworks has been built in the town, a 300-meter-long sewer pipe has been completed, the appearance of the market town has been beautified, and public kindergartens have also been opened. They are introducing the boss of Anji, Zhejiang Province, hoping to open a factory to digest tens of thousands of acres of bamboo on the mountain and drive farmers to increase their income on the spot. They hope to develop rural tourism, for example, to create a hometown of lotus flowers and boost their popularity.

　　Compared with Dayi Town, the location of the new town is relatively superior. It is close to Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway and leishui River, and the traffic location is extremely convenient. In history, Leiyang county was once ruled, and now there are still old streets and alleys preserved. In the past, the new city was the center of surrounding towns and villages, and many people from towns and villages in neighboring counties came to the new city to hold fairs. Nowadays, many towns in neighboring counties are prosperous, and the role of the central market town in the new city is correspondingly weakened.

　　The expanding Leiyang urban area has swept away a lot of rural resources like a flood, and villages and towns are like riverbeds after the spring tide, leaving a trail of weeds and gravel.

　　Urban fatigue: farmers have many problems in entering the city

　　Relevant people who have visited Leiyang on the spot can’t help but sigh: "Is the polarization between cities and towns the new urbanization we want?" Large-scale farmers entering the city make Leiyang’s public services "under great pressure" and its financial burden is unbearable.

　　A large number of children of migrant workers need to go to school, and it is difficult for the government to bear the burden of running a school, so private schools came into being. Although private education has solved the problem of schooling for a large number of children, it has also increased the burden on parents to some extent.

　　The problem of "difficulty in going to school" and its derivative "large class size" is also prominent in Leiyang. Cai Zichi Middle School in Leiyang was called "the largest junior high school in Asia" at its peak. In a report in 2015, leiyang city Education Bureau described that "with the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population has increased sharply, and the number of students who choose schools in cities has increased sharply, and the public education resources in urban areas are in short supply, resulting in a serious shortage of degrees". It is not uncommon for 70 to 80 students to have a "large class" in Leiyang City.

　　The city is expanding on a large scale, but the infrastructure is difficult to follow up quickly. Traffic, garbage disposal, urban flood control, etc. all have large debts. Ronaldinho told reporters that his home is on the top floor of the eighth floor, and there is no elevator. People above the fifth floor can use tap water all the year round by self-purchased booster pumps.

　　A large number of "small property houses" have become the "scars" of the city. They have no community, no property and messy environment. The proportion of residential areas with property is very low. Even if there are, many of them are transferred by developers to relatives and friends for operation, lacking substantial bidding and backward management.

　　The problem of disorderly development of real estate is very prominent, which has become a major fuse of social contradictions in Leiyang. In the second half of 2016, a report by the local government revealed that more than 70% of the cases of letters and visits in Leiyang were caused by real estate development and land development, and 95% of the cases of letters and visits were the above two types of cases. Some "black buildings" and "black projects" have serious problems, and most of them have problems such as failure to hand over houses on time, failure to apply for permits, unfinished projects, broken project funds and suspected illegal fund-raising.

　　"It is not easy for farmers who are inferior in average education and quality to leave the fields to live in cities." The person in charge of a furniture store in Leiyang raised many problems faced by farmers after entering the city, for example, how to solve the employment and life problems? How to protect medical care, insurance and recreational life? In his view, if these problems are not solved, "it is not a good thing for farmers to go to cities, but it will cause some new social problems and give birth to a new difficult group."

　　Open a number of broken roads in the urban area, demolish 136,273 square meters of illegal buildings, and build a new education city next to high-speed railway station … … Nowadays, Leiyang is strengthening urban management with unprecedented efforts, putting forward the slogan of "building the largest and most beautiful county in the province", and has also started in the planning and construction of small towns in recent years. But in comparison, the changes in small towns are far behind those in urban areas, and Leiyang is also making great efforts to transform weak schools in rural areas.

　　"The city management is not good enough." Ronaldinho said flatly that he doesn’t like Leiyang, although this is his hometown. One day, he hopes to go to his wife’s hometown of Hainan Island and start a new life.

From Johns Hopkins Hospital to xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University, from an excellent medical expert to an outstanding academic leader; For the first time more than ten years ago, he represented the cutting-edge technology of functional encephalopathy treatment.The technology of "Cell Knife" was introduced from the United States to China, which greatly improved the efficiency of surgical treatment of Parkinson’s disease. After the magical "Cell Knife" treatment, the muscles of thousands of patients in China stopped shaking and stiff, and their lost ability to live and work was restored.

He is Li Yongjie, director of functional neurosurgery at xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University, with China on his head.The halo of the first person in the "cell knife" should be refined into a "scientist doctor".

Go out and see different scenery.

Li Yongjie was born in last century.60An intellectual family in the s.1979In 2008, my mother said, "It would be nice to have a doctor in our family, so you should study medicine!" " Let Li Yongjie accompany medicine for a lifetime.. heTake the first place in the school and get into Beijing Medical College.,After graduation, he chose to study under the famous neurophysiologist Professor Qiao Jiantian for postgraduate study.1991In 2000, he got a doctor’s degree in medicine and stayed in the affiliated hospital of Shanxi Medical University.

Everything seems to settle down in this way, but the more professional knowledge grows, the more clearly Li Yongjie feels that his vision is narrow. Can’t persuade to give up the dream that I haven’t forgotten in my heart.— — When going abroad, you should go out and feel the different scenery outside.1994In the summer of 2008, Li Yongjie came to the Department of Neurosurgery of Johns Hopkins Hospital to do postdoctoral research. Here, Li Yongjie approached the international forefront of microelectrode-guided stereotactic neurosurgery at that time, and the stable, long-term and immediate surgical effect deeply attracted him.

He still clearly remembers a female patient with primary tremor from Maryland. It was a thalamototomy that day. After the brain was accurately located, the damage began. Within a few seconds, the severe tremor of the patient’s right hand disappeared. When Li Yongjie asked her how she felt, she didn’t say a word, staring at her hand for a long time, and her eyes suddenly burst into tears:“ oh,it stopped. Look,after 10 years! Oh,my God! "(Oh, it stopped.10Years, my god.!）。 That is, from then on, Li Yongjie realized that his attention and interest were converging on stereotactic technology.

In those days, he was fascinated by reading monographs and documents on stereotactic neurosurgery and devoted more and more energy to clinic. Every operation day, it must besixGet up at 8 o’clock, he eats breakfast while driving, in the morning.sevenArrive at the hospital before o’clock.CTRoom. As soon as the patient arrives, help to install the stereotactic headstock and observe it.CTPositioning, and then aboutfive～sixIntraoperative electrophysiological function localization in hours. In addition, Li Yongjie also tried his best to find time to go to the ward to observe the patients after operation, and to understand the relationship between the surgical effect and the accuracy of intraoperative positioning, as well as the direction of improvement in the future … … Do these "extra jobs" wholeheartedly.

1995yearthreeIn May, Li Yongjie stared at the world-famous California through the pictures broadcast on TV.Loma LindaNeurosurgeon, University Medical CenterRobert 　P．IaconoThe professor operated on a patient with Parkinson’s disease with a "cell knife". With his skills in neurophysiology, Li Yongjie noticed a detail on the TV screen — — Intraoperative electrical signal noise is too high. Li Yongjie concluded that the setting of electrophysiological system may be unreasonable, which is not suitable for the operating room environment interfered by high-frequency electrotome and needs better shielding. That night, he wrote toIaconoProfessor, frankly talked about his views on technical improvement. This bold move has caused Li Yongjie toIaconoThe professor’s attention, quickly replied to his letter, and sent a job invitation. Li Yongjie finished his postdoctoral study ahead of schedule with excellent results, and shouldLoma LindaThe invitation of the University Medical Center came from Maryland on the east coast of the United States to Southern California on the west coast, and devoted himself wholeheartedly to clinical treatment.

In this way, Li Yongjie approached the international forefront of microelectrode-guided stereotactic neurosurgery at that time, commonly known as"Cell knife" technology. He was deeply shocked and impressed by the "cell knife" when he witnessed countless successful operations and witnessed too many Parkinson’s patients who stood up again from their wheelchairs.

Return to the motherland to sow the ideal seeds

At the beginning of coming to the United States, Li Yongjie’s goal was to be a neurosurgeon. Because in the research of basic medicine, China has not been able to keep up with the advanced level in the world in many aspects, and he hopes that he can do his bit to change this situation. But withWith the application of "Cell Knife", Li Yongjie found that since the advanced technology was in front of him, wouldn’t it be a more effective shortcut if he could master it and use it to serve the motherland?

1998In, Li Yongjie resolutely returned to China. Speaking of this work for more than 10 years, Li Yongjie smiled faintly. "Cell knife was only a few years ago, and we have already begun to use more cutting-edge technical means to treat more diseases." Li Yongjie is constantly thinking about the way forward: China has introduced many advanced technologies from the world, but after a period of time, it has been left behind by the world. The reason is very simple. Without the corresponding mechanism of technological innovation and progress, the old capital of advanced technology has been eaten up, and naturally it has fallen behind.

Parkinson’s article"Fish" will be eaten up one day, and it is necessary to weave a net for "fishing". The surgical treatment of Parkinson’s disease is not limited to pallidotomy and thalamototomy, and the indications of surgical techniques are not limited to Parkinson’s disease, a movement disorder. Li Yongjie’s goal for himself is to be a scientist-type doctor: "Not a simple doctor, but to do research and innovation, to have a scientist’s mind, and what he makes is not commonplace".

Building "China Team" of Functional Neurosurgery

Among many patients, there are countless families who have traveled all over the country to see their families. Every time I meet such a doctor, Li Yongjie’s heart is very heavy. After several considerations, Li Yongjie put forwardThe concept of "terminal". "I hope I can tell patients not to go to the hospital in a hurry. It can’t be solved here, and there will be no better way elsewhere." Li Yongjie hopes to give these patients a belief and make them feel more at ease. Li Yongjie knows very well in his heart that if patients and even colleagues really agree with their concept of "terminal station", they must expand the connotation and extension of functional neurosurgery and weave the net of "fishing" bigger and denser.　

Li Yongjie led his team to keep track of the latest development of functional encephalopathy in the world, improve technical methods, improve the level of treatment and expand the scope of treatment.1999yearthreeIn May, the Institute of Functional Neurosurgery successfully treated Parkinson’s disease with subthalamic nucleus destruction technology, and in the same year, it also developed deep brain stimulation technology (brain pacemaker therapy) to treat Parkinson’s disease.1999yearfiveIn June, the first operation of generalized torsion spasm was successful.1999In the second half of 2006, the first operation of spastic torticollis, chorea and Tourette’s syndrome was successful one after another.

After creatively expanding the scope of surgical treatment to other dyskinesia diseases, Li Yongjie began the work of surgical treatment of epilepsy and pain, which has been extended to.30A variety of functional encephalopathy. With the increasing fame, Li Yongjie’s concept of "terminal" has been recognized by more and more people, and there are countless patients who come here.

Zhang Guizhong is a patient with Parkinson’s disease.11In 2000, he always relied on drugs to control his illness, but with the development of his illness, his trembling became more and more serious and he could not take care of himself. The side effects of drugs are getting bigger and bigger, and he can only stay in bed after taking drugs. The son who joined the army was forced to leave the army and go home to take care of his father. Director Li Yongjie performed deep brain stimulation surgery for him, successfully implanted a brain pacemaker, and his condition was well controlled. When Zhang Guizhong, who had been trembling for many years, walked out of the ward smoothly, his family shed tears of joy.

Now,The more patients are treated, the more Li Yongjie feels that even if he has great skills, the number of people who can be treated is extremely limited. Only by creating a world-class functional neurosurgery."China Team" can benefit more patients. So he focused on building a world-class functional neurosurgery "China Team". When he chooses a "team player", he has a high demand for character. "The most fundamental thing is that he must be a good man, be honest and have a good view of right and wrong. Without kindness, he will not treat his colleagues and patients well; Without cooperation and integrity, there will be no team spirit. "

Li Yongjie said that to be a trustworthy doctor, the first thing is"Benevolent people love others" and have a heart of kindness. He often tells himself to be in awe of the brain tissue that has evolved under the scalpel for millions of years. Over the years, he and his team have worked hard to create and practice this concept, so that patients can get world-class treatment, the most humanized service and the most determined psychological support.

At present,functional neurosurgeryalreadyIt has mushroomed in major hospitals all over the country, benefiting many patients with functional diseases of nervous system, and making functional neurosurgery take root in China, keeping pace with the world and even surpassing the world’s development level. (Source: National Health Planning Commission)

[Global Network Culture Channel reporter Dai Yu] Intangible cultural heritage (referred to as "intangible heritage") is an important part of excellent traditional culture, which embodies the wisdom and creation of people of all ethnic groups and provides the broad masses with a continuous sense of identity, pride and gain. It is a valuable cultural wealth of people of all ethnic groups.

Since Kunqu Opera was selected as UNESCO’s "Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" in 2001, in just over 20 years, China has not only won the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List with 42 intangible heritages, but also created a model of intangible cultural heritage protection with China characteristics and embarked on a road of intangible cultural heritage protection with China characteristics, providing China experience and China’s plan for regional and international intangible cultural heritage protection. These vivid practices have highlighted the image of China as a country with intangible resources and reflected the responsibility of a big country.

Recently, during the 7th China Intangible Cultural Heritage Expo, Ma Shengde, former deputy director of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Department of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and a first-class inspector, was interviewed by a reporter from the Culture Channel of the World Wide Web to talk about the "past lives" of intangible cultural heritage protection and share his thoughts on the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage.

"Intangible heritage is an important resource for sustainable development. The most precious thing is the embodiment of cultural creativity. "Ma Shengde said that our ancestors transformed their imagination of distant beauty into thinking and exploration, and finally formed a rich and colorful intangible cultural heritage, which brought us the knowability of China culture, which was a great incentive for people’s creation today.

He emphasized that intangible heritage should enter modern life, which is not only an important concept of intangible heritage protection, but also conforms to the basic laws and characteristics of intangible heritage’s own development. Today, rural revitalization has given intangible heritage protection a new starting point, which requires people to further realize that the core of intangible heritage protection is the inheritor; We should attach importance to and spread the outstanding Chinese traditional culture and spiritual value carried by intangible cultural heritage. In the active protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage, we need to grasp the scale of "intervention", follow the concept of holistic protection, build a sustainable intangible cultural heritage protection ecosystem, and contribute China’s strength and China’s wisdom to promote the harmony, friendship and cultural sharing of human society.

People-oriented is live transmission’s legacy.

"China’s non-legacy protection for the past 20 years is not too long, but many of our ideas are ahead." Ma Shengde told the World Wide Web cultural reporter that compared with the developed countries that started intangible cultural heritage protection as early as the middle of last century, the systematic intangible cultural heritage protection work in China was gradually carried out under the framework of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003. The Convention on Intangible Heritage emphasizes the important concepts of "inheritance from generation to generation", "liveliness" and "re-creation", but there is no concept of "inheritor". In practice, China initiated the identification of representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects on the basis of drawing lessons from international intangible cultural heritage protection experience, which is the development of UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention and an important exploration and vivid practice of intangible cultural heritage protection with China characteristics.

Why should we identify "representative inheritors"? First of all, we need to correctly understand what intangible cultural heritage is-nonmaterialExperts have verified this concept, and its original meaning in French and English is: untouchable. That is to say, things can be touched, and immaterial things cannot be touched; Japan and South Korea call immateriality "intangible cultural wealth", as opposed to material heritage. Material is tangible, the Great Wall and the Forbidden City are tangible, but immaterial is intangible. Such as: our twenty-four solar terms, the superb skills of the inheritors, and the "looking, smelling, asking and feeling" of the master of Chinese medicine. The existing way of this skill is the accumulation of various social practical experiences of individuals, groups and nations in the long historical process, and this accumulated experience is finally transformed into a knowledge system of human beings and exists as a cultural memory and way of thinking. Therefore, "experience, knowledge and skills" are the core elements of non-genetic inheritance, Ma Shengde emphasized.

Intangible heritage skills need to be passed down from generation to generation, which is the characteristic of intangible heritage and the unique charm of intangible heritage. The reason why the Intangible Heritage Convention emphasizes heritage is thatFrom generation to generation, first of all,This is because the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage is based on people. People can’t live for thousands of years, but things can last for thousands of years. For example, Notre Dame de Paris in France has experienced more than 800 years, and Yingxian Wooden Pagoda in Shanxi Province in China has lasted for 1000 years, which is the characteristic of material heritage. The inheritance of non-legacy depends on the inheritance of living people from generation to generation, and the intergenerational inheritance can not be interrupted and its vitality can be continued. This is the characteristic of non-legacy. So it is called "live transmission". UNESCO changed the original management department of intangible heritage from "intangible heritage office" to "living heritage office", which strengthened the living characteristics of intangible heritage.

Secondly,The concept of "passing on from generation to generation" conforms to the inheritance characteristics of intangible heritage, such as the inheritance of intangible heritage, family inheritance and other modes, and the inheritance pedigree between each generation is very clear. This way has become a common phenomenon in human social practice, a consensus law that has been influenced by others, and a very familiar local knowledge system. For example, many ethnic groups in China have a tradition of genealogy, and the inheritance of the family is clearly recorded in the genealogy, which is very rigorous and scientific. Genealogy is a sacred thing of a family, which should be handed down from generation to generation and protected.

Again,People are the main carrier of inheritance, and its skills are difficult to be recorded by means of written classics. In addition, many of our ethnic groups have languages but no words, and the inheritance of the heritage mainly depends on oral instruction, word of mouth, and words and deeds. There is a classification of intangible heritage in the Convention on Intangible Heritage called "oral tradition and expression", which pays attention to the existence and importance of oral traditional expression in the inheritance of human cultural heritage. The most typical case is the three epics of King Gelsall, Manas and Jianger in China, which have been in the form of oral tradition since live transmission. There are many heritages, such as traditional opera, traditional dance, traditional music and other performing arts. It takes a long time to pass on the skills between master and apprentice. There are also some things that can only be understood, such as artistic charm, style, vivid and superb artistic expression, which have a strong personalized color. The learning and grasping of these elements depends on the individual’s understanding, talent, artistic feeling and the teacher’s constant inspiration. The inheritance of such cultural heritage cannot be completed by means of written classics. Therefore, these characteristics determine that the way of inheritance of intangible cultural heritage pays more attention to the way of "handed down from generation to generation and live transmission" between people. The key core here is the role of "people".

Up to now, there are 3,062 national intangible heritage inheritors, of which more than 400 have passed away. Ma Shengde said that the greatest significance of identifying the representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage lies in: "We realize that the core of intangible cultural heritage protection is’ people’, especially the inheritors who have mastered superb skills. In the protection of intangible heritage in the past 20 years, we have realized the protection of intangible heritage. Without people, we can’t talk about the inheritance and protection of living conditions. This is an important feature of the practice of protecting China. "

The institutional advantage of concentrating on doing great things

Late start and "rich family background" are the characteristics and difficulties of intangible cultural heritage protection in China. Ma Shengde said that the institutional advantage of concentrating on major events is the key to the outstanding achievements of intangible cultural heritage protection in China. "In the past 20 years, cultural institutions at all levels in China have set up special departments for the protection of intangible cultural heritage", especially a four-level protection list with countries, provinces, cities and counties as units. "Declare from bottom to top, and finally select the project that is the most representative and influential of China’s outstanding traditional culture from the national intangible cultural heritage projects and declare it to the United Nations." Ma Shengde said that this is also the intangible protection mode practiced in China.

Ma Shengde pointed out that the Party and the government attached great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, and invested a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources, so that the protection of intangible cultural heritage in China can achieve today’s achievements. Since 2005, we have spent five years conducting a nationwide survey of intangible cultural heritage, systematically registering and cataloguing intangible cultural heritage resources, and basically finding out the intangible cultural heritage "property" scattered among the people, with nearly 870,000 intangible cultural heritage projects. On June 1st, 2011, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Intangible Cultural Heritage Law was officially promulgated and implemented, which marked that China’s intangible cultural heritage began to enter the track of legal protection and pushed the intangible cultural heritage protection into a new era of vigorous development. In the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, in the state-led intangible cultural heritage protection planning and deployment, we will further strengthen the systematic protection of intangible cultural heritage, improve the inheritance system of intangible cultural heritage protection, improve the inheritance level of intangible cultural heritage protection, increase the intensity of non-genetic broadcasting, and promote the cause of intangible cultural heritage protection to make greater progress.

Non-legacy protection and inheritance of Chinese cultural genes

In June this year, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and other ten departments issued the Notice on Promoting the High-quality Inheritance and Development of Traditional Crafts, further strengthening the rescue records of traditional crafts and encouraging the inheritance practice, and helping traditional crafts to play a greater role in the people’s better life. Ma Shengde recalled that in March 2016, the first traditional craft workstation in China was established in Hami, Xinjiang.

The local Uyghur embroidery in Hami is deeply influenced by the Central Plains culture. On the basis of accepting Suzhou embroidery and Beijing embroidery in the Central Plains and integrating with the local ethnic customs and aesthetic tastes, it has created "Hami Uyghur embroidery" with distinctive ethnic characteristics and rich regional customs, which is unique in Xinjiang’s national embroidery art. However, with the impact of modern lifestyle, Hami Uygur embroidery was once weak.

After the establishment of Hami traditional craft workstation, teachers and students from Tsinghua University Academy of Fine Arts collected and recorded the traditional patterns of Hami embroidery in a rescue way. A group of fashion designers have designed and developed new products such as earphones, wallets and furniture products based on the traditional patterns and raw materials of Hami embroidery, and even applied Hami embroidery to haute couture fashion, making it shine on the international runway. While accepting orders, Uyghur embroidered mothers re-inspired their enthusiasm and vitality for traditional embroidery art.

Ma Shengde said that this government-led working mode of establishing a platform conducive to the protection, inheritance and market development of intangible cultural heritage not only allows more embroidered mothers to actively participate, but also establishes an industrial product chain with the help of external forces, so that the skills can be protected and passed down in production, so that intangible cultural heritage can move towards today’s social life and attract more younger generations.

"The core pattern of Hami embroidery is peony. Peony flower is a traditional auspicious pattern from the Central Plains, and it is the cultural gene of this heritage. " Ma Shengde told the World Wide Web cultural reporter that Hami embroidery is the most powerful witness of the cultural exchange between Uygur and Central Plains in Hami, Xinjiang in the history of China. The cultural genes and symbols inherited in Hami embroidery not only have its visible cultural elements, but also tell the historical story of national friendship and cultural integration invisibly-this is the core spiritual value of our non-genetic inheritance.　

Beware of misunderstandings and establish a correct concept of intangible cultural heritage protection

In recent two years, Ma Shengde has been busy writing new books. He condensed the vivid cases and personal experiences of intangible cultural heritage protection that he has devoted himself to for many years, and traveled all over the country and many countries and regions in the world into this manuscript in the form of pictures and texts, in order to popularize and spread the correct concept of intangible cultural heritage protection to the public.

Ma Shengde emphasized that intangible cultural heritage belongs to a living culture, and the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage should be the inheritance of people-oriented skills and cultural spirit, not material inheritance. "The behavior of paying too much attention to the economic value and market benefit of the heritage has led to the deviation in the direction of intangible protection in some places." In the investigation, Ma Shengde found that in the declaration of the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects, all the projects with no market value and economic value were removed in some places, and all the folk literature projects were not declared in some areas. Even these heritage projects have high social awareness, but they are neglected because they cannot produce direct economic benefits. These practices seriously deviate from the correct direction of intangible cultural heritage protection. This is a phenomenon that Ma Shengde noticed when he visited various places in recent two years, which caused him to be uneasy as a researcher.

He said that there are ten categories of intangible cultural heritage in China, among which traditional skills, traditional fine arts and traditional medicine processing skills with commodity attributes can be applied to "productive protection". For example, tea-making, wine-making, brewing and catering projects, as well as spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidery, etc. These projects have commodity attributes and market attributes, and can enter the market as commodities, so the concept of productive protection is in line with the characteristics of this kind of heritage. At the same time, some projects in other categories do not have the ability to directly generate income. If we only pay attention to the heritages with economic value and neglect other heritages that cannot generate economic value and market benefits, it will inevitably lead to the imbalance between the whole non-legacy projects, which will cause different feelings for the non-genetic inheritors, and also lead to the deviation in orientation at the overall level of society, and the non-legacy protection will enter a misunderstanding. In fact, this is a retrogressive phenomenon in the concept of intangible protection. Ma Shengde reminded that once it deviates from its own development law and original intention of protection, it will destroy the ecosystem of intangible cultural heritage protection.

"Intangible heritage itself is a carrier of spirit, and intangible heritage is the most precious spiritual value, which is the core of intangible heritage protection. Based on such an important cognition, we compare the intangible heritage to: the spiritual home of the Chinese nation, the DNA of Chinese culture, and the symbol of national cultural identity. " Ma Shengde, for example, said that folk literature has always been a difficult point in the work of intangible cultural heritage protection. It cannot directly produce economic value, but it has built a spiritual home for mankind. The most typical is the epic in folk literature, which is a very grand spiritual and cultural pillar of a nation. Epic praises national heroes, whose names and images have spiritual symbols. The worship of heroes has formed a group’s common values.

Therefore, in the protection of intangible heritage, it is necessary to develop in a balanced way, give consideration to all fields of heritage, establish a holistic heritage view, and develop in an all-round and coordinated way.

Cultural revival is integrated into modern life.

When it comes to intangible cultural heritage, many people associate it with the ancient way of life, but in Ma Shengde’s view, the most precious thing of intangible cultural heritage is creativity. "The wisdom of the ancients needs awe, and we also need sustainable development.". The protection of intangible cultural heritage is not to make it a "giant panda" in the zoo, nor to copy ancient artifacts, but to find spiritual connection with contemporary people in live transmission.

"We propose a cultural renaissance, not a cultural retro."Ma Shengde emphasized that it is our ultimate goal to make the intangible heritage of ancient traditions enter modern life and become an important way of life for people. Live transmission’s legacy in today’s world should conform to modern people’s aesthetics and lifestyle, blend into the new atmosphere of the times, and do not advocate keeping it intact. Like the evolution of Chinese characters in China, the fonts from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze, seal script, official script, regular script … are not static, but the hieroglyphics of square characters remain unchanged. From the writing on bamboo slips to the display on mobile phones and computers today, although the external expression has changed, the cultural genes of Chinese characters have always been passed on.

Intangible heritage is ancient and traditional, and it doesn’t mean that the longer it exists, the more precious it is. Ma Shengde pointed out that this is also a common misunderstanding in people’s understanding of intangible heritage. Whether it’s the four great inventions or the twenty-four solar terms ….. these once creative labor wisdom embodies the strong vitality and creativity of Chinese culture, and they are all great contributions made by the Chinese nation to human development. Therefore, the object of intangible cultural heritage protection is not that the longer a project exists, the more valuable it will be, but whether it can meet the needs of sustainable development. Is there any innovation? Non-genetic inheritance is always the excellent traditional Chinese culture.

"Chang ‘e V", "Yutu", "Zhu Rong" and "Tiangong No.1" … In today’s China aerospace project, the most advanced scientific and technological products and the names of space stations all come from ancient myths in Chinese civilization. "These names are very accurate and strongly consistent with our ancient people’s exploration and yearning for the universe and the sky in myths and legends. They are all stories that exist in our folk literature classics and have been in live transmission. " Ma Shengde pointed out that we didn’t use such names as "Athena", "Apollo" and "Zeus", but looked for inspiration from ancient national myths, which is the continuation and rebirth of China’s excellent traditional culture today. "Clever integration of high-tech products with traditional culture is an excellent practice of national top-level design for intangible cultural heritage modernization. These impressive’ China names’ have attracted worldwide attention and become the best overseas spread of China culture. It is this charm that folk literature heritage has. "　

Non-legacy innovation and communication, grasp the "scale of intervention"

How can intangible cultural heritage be better integrated into modern life? Ma Shengde believes that this is a very important proposition in the protection of intangible cultural heritage. Because heritage is a great creation of our ancestors and a precious legacy left by our ancestors, we need to grasp the scale and measure when we protect and utilize intangible heritage and integrate it into modern life, that is, the scale of intervention. In the protection and utilization, we need to have a heart of awe first, and we need to treat the heritage carefully, and we can’t rudely exercise and "hurt the bones" to transform the heritage.

For example, the epic Gesar is a folk literary heritage that spreads in Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other regions, and celebrates the story of King Gelsall, a great hero. Qinghai Guoluo is the main spreading area of Gesar epic. In 2016, the Ministry of Culture established the "Gesar Culture (Guoluo) Ecological Protection Experimental Zone" in Qinghai Guoluo to protect this heroic epic regionally. During the protection and utilization of intangible traditional crafts in the ecological protection zone, the rich resources of Gesar epic were fully tapped. In the cooperation between the local and the Academy of Fine Arts of Shanghai University, the cultural elements of Gesar heroic epic were extracted and cooperated with Shanghai’s "Hero Brand" pens to create a set of "Hero Brand" pen gift combinations, which made people see the charm of the old brand and the intangible cross-border.

"The two" heroes "are well combined." Ma Shengde said that it is necessary to encourage this kind of adherence to the laws of cultural heritage, so that the intrinsic value of intangible cultural heritage can be properly combined with external manifestations-that is, the "scale of intervention" can be better grasped.

Ma Shengde pointed out that in recent years, our research and training programs for Chinese intangible cultural heritage inheritors, China traditional craft revitalization program and traditional craft workstations have all made positive and beneficial explorations in the field of intangible cultural heritage entering modern life. However, we must also be clear that the active protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage cannot be separated from certain dissemination and sharing. Especially in today’s information age, we should make good use of modern technology and means in content carrier and communication mode. For example, it is difficult to protect national languages and dialects, but at present, there are films with dialect interpretation, which are performed by influential stars in dialects, and dialect protection and mass communication are well realized.

In addition, animation adaptation is also an effective way to activate intangible cultural heritage. The domestic animated film "Lion Boy" tells the story of a group of teenagers who love and inherit Guangdong’s non-legacy "Lion Dance". Ma Shengde was also moved by the arduous journey from lion dance practice to winning the championship. He believes that it is a good way to popularize and spread the intangible cultural heritage for young people to make innovative expressions in the form of animation that young people like.

Now that science and technology have changed our lives, we must make full use of these means to play a role in integrating intangible cultural heritage into contemporary life. According to different levels of audience, we should explore various ways of inheritance and communication. Only with a certain communication surface can we create a better environment and conditions for inheritance. "We encourage more people of insight to actively and boldly explore the modern communication methods of intangible heritage, so that our younger generation can learn more about intangible heritage through modern technology and communication methods, so as to achieve the purpose of inheritance and protection." Ma Shengde Road.

Cultural sharing to build a new chapter of human sustainable development

At the opening ceremony of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the "Twenty-four Solar Terms Countdown" surprised the global audience, especially for Ma Shengde. He once served as the head of the delegation of China’s application for the 24 solar terms, and went through the whole application process.

"In an international large-scale sports event, it is not only a cultural heritage, but also a promotion and dissemination of excellent cultural heritage to share this intangible heritage with the world by using one of the excellent traditional cultures of the Chinese nation as an idea." Ma Shengde said that the twenty-four solar terms have the widest recognition, and they are timeless, interdisciplinary, ethnic, regional and ideological, and there is no hierarchy. From ancient times to the present, emperors and ordinary people must follow the laws of solar terms. Especially today, we look at the peak of wisdom and creation that the ancients once reached. "It gives people an incentive today and increases the cultural confidence and pride of our nation. Intangible heritage provides a vivid case of national culture live transmission, which needs to be learned, studied and learned in our future sustainable development. "

"The twenty-four solar terms also reflect the extensive sharing of intangible cultural heritage around the world." Ma Shengde believes that there are many ways and ideas that can be used for reference to solve the relationship between people and between nations, regions and countries.

Ma Shengde, for example, in Xinjiang, China, there is a non-legacy named "Maixi Refu", which means "gathering" and "place" in Uygur language. It is a comprehensive folk entertainment activity that integrates folk songs and dances, musical instruments, competitive performances and games. On holidays, after the harvest, at weddings, and at all times when people are happy, people who can sing and dance will gather in droves, hold the Maixirefu and dance the cheerful Maixirefu. Among them, there is also a kind of apology called "Maxi Refu", which is held for the negligent parties to ask for understanding, remove grievances and mediate relations.

"If there is a contradiction or dispute between people, the elders in the village will come forward to preside over the Maixi hot, prompting the two parties to re-establish friendship, worship tea and apologize to each other." Ma Shengde said that such an ancient and traditional way can make people turn swords into spears in music and dance, which is a way we can learn from today to deal with contradictions. "In the protection of intangible cultural heritage, we encourage this way to resolve contradictions in the bud and deal with disputes. Bring its enlightenment and significance to the sustainable development of our mankind. " If some disputes among the people have to be resolved in court, it will inevitably lead to mutual embarrassment, more disharmony in people’s relations, and even deeper grievances from now on! Then, it is the most harmonious relationship to deal with it in such a way as "apologizing to Maixi Refu". The cultural connotation of these heritages is worth exploring in our protection.

Ma Shengde pointed out that the earth is the home of human survival. Just as environmental protection and climate issues have become issues of common concern all over the world today, non-legacy is also of great significance to the sustainable development of mankind. "UNESCO promotes the protection of non-legacy from the international level, and it is also that various countries have realized the pivotal role and great potential played by non-legacy." Therefore, the United Nations encourages the sharing of heritage, so that cultural heritage can be shared worldwide. It is hoped that countries and regions will understand each other, respect each other and share the harmonious relationship and peaceful environment brought about by cultural heritage.

According to the declaration rules formulated by UNESCO, heritage projects with "homologous sharing" can be jointly declared by heritage sharing countries or separately. In the process of joint declaration, joint protection and joint sharing of intangible cultural heritage, friendship, cooperation, exchange and cultural sharing between nations and nations can be enhanced. For example, China and Mongolia jointly declared the Mongolian "long-tune folk songs" and Malaysia jointly declared the "ship delivery king". The legacy of "Falcon Domestication" has been jointly declared in 24 countries around the world.

The greatest charm of intangible cultural heritage bears witness to human creativity.

Intangible heritage bears witness to human creativity, is a melting pot of cultural diversity, and is also a symbol of a regional or national cultural identity. "Our culture can’t be built on the basis of rootless trees and passive water, but must be carried forward in excellent traditions. Many of our folk cultures were difficult to appreciate in the past, but they showed a strong vitality, which was like an underground river. This vitality is also an important resource for us to achieve sustainable development. " Ma Shengde said that the key core of UNESCO’s promotion of intangible cultural heritage protection is to provide experience for the challenges faced by the survival and development of human society through the human creativity and cultural diversity embodied by the intangible cultural heritage of all ethnic groups around the world, so as to realize the sustainable development of man and nature, man and society. This is also the greatest charm of the legacy. For example, our folk customs such as festival ceremonies play an irreplaceable role in building contemporary social harmony, family harmony, national unity and cultural identity. We also have many non-legacy projects of productive protection of traditional skills, which have great potential in improving the quality of life of contemporary people, enriching people’s diversified living needs and promoting employment. In the national policy of helping the poor and getting rich vigorously promoted by the China Municipal Government, the projects of non-legacy traditional skills have played an active role. There are also our Kunqu Opera, Peking Opera, Dong folk songs, flowers, Miao Xiu, guqin, epics, traditional dances, etc. These heritages not only bear witness to human creativity,But also an important resource for the development and re-creation of our contemporary culture.

Just like the legend of "butterfly lovers" in China, it was originally a tragic oral literature project, but later a series of artistic products were derived from such a legendary story. Many works of art appeal to both refined and popular tastes, and are well received by the general public, such as violin concerto, symphony, film, opera, ballet, various traditional opera arts and other hundreds of cultural expressions. The plot of "become a butterfly" in this heritage is the crowning touch of this legendary story, full of imagination, which sublimates this tragic story to a superb level. Such a cultural heritage is the crystallization of human wisdom and the creative product of culture, which fully embodies the imagination and creativity of human genius.

"The plot of’ become a butterfly’ in Liang Zhuzhong is wonderful!" Ma Shengde told movingly that "become a butterfly" embodies Chinese’s aesthetics and emotions, which is a valuable intangible cultural heritage and can be shared with the world as an intangible beauty of China. He stressed that,The ancient cultural heritage embodies the wisdom of many ancestors. "In the past, we didn’t pay enough attention to these heritages. Now we should study, extract and apply them better to provide better spiritual guidance for contemporary human life."(End)

Recently, the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released the latest global cancer burden data in 2020.

Data display:

In 2020, 19.3 million people will be newly diagnosed with cancer and nearly 10 million will die.

One in five people will get cancer in their lifetime;

One in every eight men and one in every eleven women will die of cancer;

Five years after cancer diagnosis, the number of survivors is about 50.6 million;

Breast cancer has become the most common cancer in the world;

It is estimated that by 2040, 28.4 million people around the world will be diagnosed with cancer.

In 2020, the incidence of female breast cancer surpassed that of lung cancer for the first time, becoming the most common cancer in the world. However, lung cancer is still the cancer with the largest number of deaths worldwide.

▲ In 2020, the types, number and proportion of major new cancers in the world (data from IARC official website)

▲ In 2020, the types, number and proportion of major cancer deaths in the world (data from IARC official website)

Lung cancer is still the largest cancer in China.

Global data:

More than 2.2 million people in the world have been newly diagnosed with lung cancer, accounting for 11.1% of the newly diagnosed cancer in the world, that is, one in every nine new cases is lung cancer.

In terms of gender, more than 1.43 million men and more than 770,000 women are newly diagnosed with lung cancer. The proportion of new cases of lung cancer in men and women is 14.3% and 8.4% respectively. Lung cancer ranks first among men and third among women.

▲ Global male cancer deaths in 2020 (data from IARC official website)

▲ The global number of female cancer deaths in 2020 (data from IARC official website)

Among the 10 million cancer deaths in the world, nearly 1.8 million are lung cancer, accounting for 18%, and almost one in every six cancer deaths is lung cancer.

In terms of gender, more than 1.18 million men and more than 600,000 women died of lung cancer, accounting for 21.5% and 13.7% of male and female lung cancer deaths respectively. Lung cancer ranks first among male cancer deaths and second among female cancer deaths.

China data:

In China, lung cancer is still the first cancer in terms of morbidity and mortality.

▲ Cancer incidence and deaths in China in 2020 (data from IARC official website)

▲ Incidence and death of male cancer in China in 2020 (data from IARC official website)

▲ Incidence and death of cancer among women in China in 2020 (data from IARC official website)

In 2020, there are more than 810,000 new cases of lung cancer in China, accounting for 17.9% of the newly diagnosed cancer cases in China, that is, one of less than six patients is lung cancer.

In terms of gender, nearly 540,000 men in China and more than 270,000 women in China were newly diagnosed with lung cancer, accounting for 21.8% and 13.2% of the cases of male and female cancers in China respectively. Lung cancer ranks first among men in China and second among women in China.

At the same time, more than 710,000 people died of lung cancer in China, accounting for 23.8% of the cancer deaths in China, and almost one in four cancer-related deaths is lung cancer.

In terms of gender, more than 470,000 men in China and 240,000 women in China died of lung cancer, accounting for 25.9% and 10.2% of the male and female cancer deaths in China, respectively, and lung cancer ranks first among the male and female cancer deaths in China.

Behind every number is the sad change of a person and a family. The best way to deal with lung cancer is still prevention and control, especially early screening for high-risk groups.

60% of the high-risk population of lung cancer in China did not undergo LDCT screening.

Practice has proved that low-dose spiral CT(LDCT) is 4-10 times more sensitive to detect early lung cancer than conventional X-ray chest film, and can detect early peripheral lung cancer.

According to the data of the International Action Plan for Early Lung Cancer, 85% of stage I peripheral lung cancer can be found in the annual screening of LDCT, and the expected survival rate of patients after 10 years is 92%. The national lung cancer screening test in the United States has proved that LDCT screening can reduce the mortality of lung cancer in high-risk groups by 20%.

However, a recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that researchers from Henan Cancer Hospital and other institutions analyzed the data of urban cancer early diagnosis and treatment projects in Henan Province from 2013 to 2019 and found that the overall participation rate of LDCT was 40.16%, which means that nearly 60% of the high-risk population of lung cancer were not screened.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that people at high risk of lung cancer receive LDCT screening regularly every year.

The risk assessment factors of lung cancer screening proposed by national comprehensive cancer network (NCCN) guidelines include: smoking history (present and past), radon exposure history, occupational exposure history (arsenic, chromium, asbestos, nickel, cadmium, beryllium, silicon, diesel exhaust gas, soot and soot), malignant tumor history, family history of first-degree relatives with lung cancer, chronic obstructive emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis history, and passive smoking history.

According to the risk status of lung cancer, it can be divided into three groups: low risk, medium risk and high risk:

?　Low risk group: Age < 50 years and smoking history < 20 packs a year (600 cigarettes/year).

?　Medium-risk group: Age ≥50 years, smoking history or passive smoking contact history ≥20 years, no other risk factors.

?　High risk group：

① Age 55 ~ 74 years, smoking history ≥30 packs a year (600 cigarettes/year), quitting smoking history < 15 years;

② Age ≥50 years, smoking history ≥20 packs of years, and risk factors other than passive smoking.

Suggestions on the diagnosis and treatment standard of primary lung cancer (2018 edition) in China:

High-risk group ① people should participate in LDCT lung cancer screening;

If there is a high-risk factor of lung cancer in the high-risk group, LDCT lung cancer screening should also be carried out.

Screening frequency: It is recommended that the interval of screening is 1 year, and the screening mode with an interval of more than 2 years is not recommended. If the annual screening is normal, it is recommended to continue screening every 1 ~ 2 years.

Screening management: It is suggested that nodules with diameter ≥5 mm need further examination.

Note: LDCT screening is not recommended for people who cannot tolerate possible lung cancer resection or serious life-threatening diseases.

Early lung cancer: SBRT has the same effect as surgery.

With the wide application of LDCT screening in high-risk population, more and more early lung cancer can be detected. For operable early non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, accounting for about 85% of all lung cancers), the standard treatment mode is radical surgery; For patients who are inoperable or refuse surgery, local radiotherapy is the standard treatment mode.

Compared with conventional radiotherapy, SBRT significantly improves the local control rate and the survival rate of patients with early NSCLC. The local control rate of SBRT in the treatment of inoperable early NSCLC is over 90%, which is equivalent to surgery.

In 2012, NCCN guidelines recommended that SBRT become the first choice for inoperable early NSCLC. In 2018, the American Association of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) officially approved SBRT as the standard treatment for early inoperable NSCLC.

SBRT has become an important radical treatment for early NSCLC, especially for patients who are inoperable or refuse surgery.

Indications of SBRT

Early inoperable NSCLC: old age, serious medical diseases, T1 ~ 2n0m0 stage.

Early NSCLC that can be operated but refuses to operate.

For early clinical lung cancer that cannot be diagnosed pathologically or refuses to be diagnosed pathologically, SBRT treatment can be considered if the following conditions are met:

(1) The definite imaging diagnosis focus gradually increased during the long-term follow-up (> 2 years), or the density and proportion of ground glass shadow increased, or accompanied by malignant features such as vascular crossing and edge burr-like changes; At least two imaging examinations (such as chest enhancement+1 ~ 3 mm thin-slice CT and whole-body PET or CT) indicate malignancy;

(2) confirmed by MDT discussion of lung cancer;

(3) Patients and their families fully informed consent.

Relative indications:

(1)T3N0M0；

(2) Simultaneous multiple primary NSCLC.

References:

1.2020-12-16 e Medicine Global Authoritative Report: In 2020, there will be 19.3 million new cancers worldwide, and lung cancer is no longer the most common cancer! 》

2. China lung cancer diagnosis and treatment standard (2018 edition)

3.2020-11-04e Drug Global "Data of more than 50,000 people in China: Nearly 60% of the high-risk population of lung cancer did not participate in the screening. What factors are affecting it? 》

4. China Expert Consensus on Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Early Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (2019 Edition)

Microfilm tablet press

　　Microfilm: the diameter is between 1-3mm, the content is uniform and the quality is controllable.

　　Diameter comparison between microchip and ordinary microchip.

　　The "microchip" medicine specially designed for children is small in size and easy to swallow.

Orally disintegrating tablets freeze-dried orally disintegrating tablets

　　"Freeze-dried orally disintegrating tablets" will immediately disperse in the mouth to prevent spitting.

　　Adults all know the truth that "good medicine tastes bitter and is good for disease", but for children, bitter medicine is unwilling to take even if it has a curative effect. In the future, in children’s medication, the bitter taste of good medicine may become history.

　　The pills will be made into cute little bears or cute kittens. Bitter potion adds sweet and sour "flavoring agent", which has strawberry flavor and orange flavor, depending on which one the baby likes; Naughty children will spit out after eating pills. After changing to "freeze-dried orally disintegrating tablets", the pills will spread on the tongue and disappear, and they can’t find pills when they want to vomit &hellip; &hellip;

　　The National Children’s Medical Center and Beijing Children’s Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, as the lead units, joined forces with the R&D forces of more than 30 scientific research institutes, universities and enterprises across the country to start the research and development of drug varieties and key technologies for children, which is also the 2017 project of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" national "major new drug creation" and will be closed at the end of next year.

　　Ni Xin, the project leader and president of Beijing Children’s Hospital, said that the related technology of this project involves more than 100 kinds of children’s medicines. In the future, good medicines will no longer be bitter, and children will no longer need parents and children to "fight with each other".

　　decode

　　Oral medicine is too bitter

　　By the end of next year, a technical platform for correcting and masking the taste of children’s drugs will be built.

　　"One thing touched me deeply." Wang Xiaoling, director of the project office and director of the pharmacy department of Beijing Children’s Hospital, said that a child in the hospital was ill and had to take a sugar-coated tablet for adults. Because the dosage of the child was small, the sugar-coated tablet could only be ground and then fed to the child. "Once the sugar-coated tablet is destroyed, the bitter taste in the medicine will go straight to the entrance." The child was particularly angry and said, Why do adults take sweet medicine, but give me such bitter medicine? How can you adults be so bad! "This sentence makes me particularly shocked. Why can’t we adults try to make our children’s medicine no longer bitter?"

　　The child can’t understand the helplessness behind grinding a sugar-coated tablet and taking it again. His idea is very simple, that is, he wants to take medicine that is not bitter. Wang Xiaoling said that as one of the top ten tasks of the project, China will build a technical platform for correcting and masking the taste of children’s drugs by the end of next year. The specific technical types of taste correction and taste masking for children include taste masking technology, chemical taste masking technology and physical taste masking technology. "Some medicines are naturally bitter." Like other tastes, bitterness is a feeling caused by the stimulation of liquid containing chemical substances. Bitter substances existing in food and medicine basically naturally exist alkaloids, glycosides, bitter peptide bile and other substances, and some nitrogen-containing organic substances can also have a bitter feeling.

　　"We have established a bitterness database." Wang Xiaoling said that in the future, when children’s drug manufacturers develop new drugs, they can query the database and consider avoiding these bitter ingredients. However, the first thing to consider in drug research and development is curative effect. If bitter chemicals cannot be avoided, it is necessary to consider improving the taste of children’s drugs through taste correction technology or taste masking technology. "Just like giving people a double eyelid, beautify it."

　　The technology of taste masking and taste correction seems to be relatively uncommon, but in simple terms, it can be understood as the illusion of baby’s taste buds by adding "condiments"; It is also possible to avoid direct contact between bitter drugs and taste buds by adding auxiliary materials, or to temporarily paralyze taste buds. Now many babies have taken medicines that are not bitter, such as peaches, strawberries, oranges, hawthorn, milk tea and brown sugar &hellip; &hellip; Wang Xiaoling said that before the end of next year, the research group will also build a taste evaluation system for children in China. "Now many taste masking and taste correction technologies are imported. We should choose a taste that is more suitable for children in China according to the tastes of children in China."

　　The taste of children’s medication is not just "not bitter". Wang Xiaoling said that the waterless swallowing granule technology currently under development adopts technological innovation and high-quality auxiliary materials, which can effectively cover up the bad smell of drugs, and at the same time, it does not need water to be taken. After entering the stomach, the drugs are quickly dissolved and released, giving full play to the curative effect, greatly improving the compliance of children with drugs, and parents are no longer worried about the headache of drug administration.

　　decode

　　Dose is broken by hand

　　Customize different dosage packages for babies with professional packaging equipment.

　　In the young children’s ward of Beijing Children’s Hospital, pharmacists also have an important job of grinding pills for children. Hydrochlorothiazide, a commonly used medicine in children’s wards, is used to treat mild and moderate edema and hypertension, and can improve the symptoms of bronchial dysplasia. In the children’s ward, this is a drug that challenges pharmacists: the commonly used hydrochlorothiazide tablets are 25 mg per tablet, but the dosage of children needs to be calculated according to their weight. Some children need to use one-third tablets, and some children need to use one-quarter tablets. The youngest child needs to use 0.5 mg at a time, which is only 1/50 of one tablet. "Ordinary scales can’t be used for weighing, and analytical scales with higher accuracy must be used."

　　In the ward of Beijing Children’s Hospital, there are many commonly used divided-dose drugs. Compound sulfamethoxazole tablets are used to treat enteritis, endocarditis, acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis in children’s hospitals, and are likely to be used in the departments of gastroenterology, cardiovascular medicine, respiratory medicine, neurology and infectious diseases. 79.95% of the compound sulfamethoxazole tablets used in children’s hospitals need to be divided into doses. Among the 199 kinds of oral drugs available in Beijing Children’s Hospital, 85 kinds of drugs, such as oral liquid, granules, dispersible tablets, etc., and 34 kinds of drugs with different doses, are excluded, and a total of 80 kinds of drugs need to be prepared in different doses, including 63 kinds of tablets and 12 kinds of capsules, as well as dosage forms such as enteric-coated tablets and sustained-release tablets.

　　According to the drug classification of clinical medication instructions, most of these 80 drugs are used for anti-infective drugs, nervous system, cardiovascular system, digestive system and endocrine system. Infection and digestive diseases are very common in children, and many children will use these drugs. Cardiovascular, endocrine and nervous system drugs sometimes need long-term out-of-hospital drug treatment. If there is no suitable dosage form specification and parents need to divide the dosage themselves, how to ensure the accurate dosage of drugs? How to ensure the proper storage of divided dose drugs? How to deal with the remaining drugs after dispensing? Is it necessary to buy an analytical balance specially for children to distribute medicine at home?

　　In some developed countries, such as Japan, personalized drug delivery has begun, which means that hospitals can use special equipment to package drugs separately. In China’s "Quality Management Standard for Pharmaceutical Work in Medical Institutions", there is also a clear definition of individualized dispensing &mdash; &mdash; According to the needs of patients’ individualized medication, qualified medical institutions can provide temporary preparation of special dosage forms or doses, such as diluting liquid, grinding tablets and subcontracting, subpackaging capsules, preparing temporary mixtures, and preparing ointments.

　　This year, the topic of personalized medication for young children has been added. At present, the research group has purchased sub-packaging equipment. In the future, Beijing Children’s Hospital can customize drugs with special doses for babies. "The content of a bag may be 10 micrograms or 5 milligrams, which can be designed completely according to the doctor’s advice. Parents give their children medicine, and they don’t have to guess. "

　　decode

　　It is difficult to swallow medicine.

　　Develop special formula technology

　　Develop special drugs for children

　　The problem of children’s medication is a worldwide topic. "We often say that children are not miniature versions of adults." Ni Xin said that children should choose special drugs for children. The project led by Beijing Children’s Hospital is based on the differentiated needs of children’s medication, developing special drug delivery technologies, including straw delivery, oral instant, micro-tablets, etc., and developing children’s drugs through the establishment of key technologies with distinctive differentiation.

　　For example, Wang Xiaoling said that according to the characteristics of children, the research group is still developing "microchips", that is, the diameter of tablets is between 1 and 3 mm, "too big tablets for children to swallow." After being changed into small tablets, the diameter is reduced to facilitate swallowing, and more importantly, the content of active ingredients in the medicine is uniform and the quality is controllable. Now adults are using sustained-release tablets, and the drugs can be released slowly. Adults can take the drugs once or twice a day. Children have to go to kindergarten and primary school, but many children need to take drugs orally three or even four times a day. This time, the research group also designed the sub-topic of key technology and industrialization platform of children’s sustained and controlled release preparations to explore and develop sustained and controlled release preparations suitable for children, and studied the oral absorption mechanism.

　　Children take drugs orally and through mucous membranes, such as nasal mucosa, rectal mucosa and lung mucosa, all of which are routes of administration. "The World Health Organization recommends that children use anal suppositories to reduce fever, but parents in China don’t accept it very well and children don’t like it." Wang Xiaoling said, this suggests that Chinese researchers can’t copy foreign experience. "We found that the gel dosage form is relatively easy to be accepted by parents, and the products developed now are highly accepted by parents. If you gently touch it, you can achieve good curative effect, and parents certainly welcome it. "

　　"Nothing reveals the soul of a society better than the way it treats its children." Wang Xiaoling always remembers such a famous saying, "All pharmaceutical workers do is to make children recover in sweetness."

　　Reporter Jia Xiaohong

　　April 15th to 21st is the 25th National Cancer Prevention Publicity Week, and this year’s publicity theme is "Scientific Cancer Prevention First".

　　Cancer, also known as malignant tumor, is a complex disease caused by social and environmental factors and genetic factors. The genetic changes that can lead to cancer may be inherited from parents, may also be caused by abnormal cell division or exposure to special environment after birth, and may also be carcinogenic environmental exposure, including some special substances, such as harmful chemicals and rays formed by tobacco burning.

　　At present, malignant tumor accounts for the first cause of death among urban residents in China. From 2000 to 2014, the onset age of cancer in China is moving forward every year, with an overall advance of about two years. Through the cooperation of surgery, internal medicine, radiotherapy and other multidisciplinary departments for many years, human beings have mastered the tools for early detection of cancer such as CT, ultrasound, tumor markers, and at the same time have many effective cancer treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

　　Can cancer be prevented?

　　In fact, the formation of cancer is very slow, and it takes about 20 to 30 years for the human body to develop into cancer after long-term exposure to carcinogenic environment.

　　During this period, we have to go through many steps, such as cell transformation, precancerous lesions, carcinoma in situ, and gaining the ability of invasion and metastasis. In the previous twenty or thirty years, we had plenty of time to find and eliminate cancer. Therefore, early screening and diagnosis of cancer is particularly important.

　　"Gene mutation" and "immune escape" are two key factors in the formation of cancer. Gene mutation is a "restless" cell, and it will not stop when it stops proliferation. Immune escape is a "restless" cell that escapes the surveillance and attack of the immune system through various methods.

　　Can cancer be prevented? The answer is that some cancers are completely preventable.

　　In 2011, the World Health Organization proposed that one-third of cancers could be completely prevented; One third of cancers can be cured by early detection; One-third of cancers can use existing medical measures to prolong life, relieve pain and improve quality of life. This ratio means that, optimistically, cancer can not be fatal, pessimistically, some tumors can not be predicted and escaped.

　　Tumor prevention, the ideal state is to find and intervene in the precancerous lesions, so as not to let the precancerous lesions develop into cancer, such as lung cancer, which we are familiar with. If we intervene in time in the early stage of disease development, more than 90% can be cured.

　　The focus of cancer prevention is "etiological prevention"

　　The prevention of cancer is divided into three levels. For most of us, the emphasis should be on the primary prevention, that is, the "etiological prevention" of cancer, which is what we usually call "prevention of disease". Why pay attention to this level of prevention? Because of its long time, many opportunities, good effect and low cost.

　　Cancer prevention should "do something". Starting with improving the internal environment of our bodies, that is, enhancing our "immunity". Vaccination can improve the body’s immunity to specific viruses. Although there is no such thing as cancer virus, some viruses can indeed cause cancer. For example, HPV vaccine can prevent cervical cancer and hepatitis B vaccine can reduce the incidence of liver cancer.

　　In addition, you can keep your immune system in good condition by controlling your weight, exercising moderately and keeping your mood comfortable.

　　To prevent cancer, we must "do something." To do something wrong is to avoid carcinogenic factors in life. This includes external factors such as physics, chemistry and biology, as well as some internal genetic factors. According to the list of carcinogens published by the World Health Organization, a total of 116 substances are classified as a class of carcinogens, which are certain to cause cancer, including tobacco, alcohol, formaldehyde and so on. Reducing exposure to carcinogenic factors in daily life is an important step in cancer prevention.

　　The public’s awareness of smog prevention has weakened.

　　Paranoid, introverted, unwilling to communicate with friends, once family, emotion, work and other things go wrong, the psychological pollution index is higher, which belongs to the "cancer personality" that is often said.

　　Professor Zhi Xiuyi, director of the Propaganda Department of Popular Science of China Anti-Cancer Association and chief expert of thoracic surgery in xuanwu hospital, Beijing, said: "Nearly half of the lung cancer patients admitted in clinic are related to long-term depression, depression and emotional shock."

　　Mental factors can not directly cause cancer, but they often affect and reduce the immunity of the body with a chronic and persistent stimulus. It causes the imbalance of autonomic nervous function and endocrine function, makes cancer cells break through the defense of the body’s immune system, and then forms cancer.

　　According to the report of the World Health Organization, healthy exercise, diet and sleep can prevent 30%~50% of cancer, and many deaths caused by cancer can be avoided.

　　Feng Li, director of Chinese Medicine Department of Cancer Hospital of China Academy of Medical Sciences, said that staying up late and getting angry are a risk factor for cancer, but they are not the main key factors. Because the key factor of tumor occurrence is mainly internal factors.

　　In addition to keeping your mouth shut and keeping your legs open, you should pay attention to eating more grains, vegetables, fruits and beans to prevent cancer; Eat less red meat and processed meat; Eat less salt; Drink less alcohol; Do not smoke; Stay up late less.

　　In addition, "anti-cancer screening" can make "early cancer" strangle in the cradle ",and women &ge; Cervical cancer screening should be done at the age of 20, and it is best for women over 40 to do breast cancer screening, including breast ultrasound and mammography. Professor Zhi Xiuyi reminded that people over 40 years old had better do screening for esophageal and gastrointestinal tumors, mainly painless gastrointestinal endoscopy. When you are over 50 years old, do colorectal cancer screening, including fecal occult blood test and colonoscopy. Over 50 years old and smoking &ge; 20 packs/year, low-dose spiral CT is recommended. (High-risk groups can advance their age to 40)

　　In recent two years, people’s awareness of smog prevention has gradually weakened, and the number of people wearing masks on the streets in foggy days has decreased significantly. Many people seem to be used to it, and it doesn’t matter to run on the streets in foggy days.

　　Professor Zhi Xiuyi appealed to the public to pay attention to the health effects of inhalable particulate matter PM2.5 and smog weather. Minimize going out in foggy weather; If you have to go out, you should also try to reduce your stay outside, wear a protective mask when you go out, and reduce the intake of PM2.5

　　Hypertension, depression, insomnia &hellip; &hellip; Even cancer, if someone tells you that there is a "hydrogen inhalation" therapy that can treat these symptoms, do you believe it? Hydrogen is a flammable gas. Does it really have such a "magical" effect when inhaled into the human body? What is the scientific principle behind it? Is it really effective or a psychological effect to treat diseases by absorbing hydrogen?

　　The reporter recently learned in an interview that this kind of "hydrogen therapy" is gradually being valued by the medical community, and the selective antioxidant properties of hydrogen are the key to the so-called "cure all diseases".

　　Why do people get sick?

　　The main reason is the imbalance of oxidation and reduction in the body.

　　To understand why hydrogen can cure diseases, we must start with why people get sick.

　　We should know that the human body is always in a dynamic balance with the surrounding environment. Under the action of pathogenic factors, such as bacteria and radiation, the original balance is broken, and the body is damaged, resulting in pathological changes in the function, metabolism and mental structure of tissues and organs, resulting in clinical symptoms and signs.

　　When human cells are oxidized, they will form oxidative damage. Medically speaking, it is because of internal and external factors that a large number of free radicals in the body erupt, which is called oxidative stress.

　　Free radicals are atoms, groups or molecules containing unpaired electrons. Free radicals themselves are essential substances to maintain normal life. Free radical reaction is the basis of energy metabolism. When people inhale oxygen and eat food, energy substances and substances that promote energy conversion undergo oxidation reaction in the body, thus producing a large number of free radicals. Free radicals in the human body are constantly produced, and will be continuously removed and maintained at a normal physiological level. Once there are too many or too few free radicals, it will cause adverse effects and even harm to the body.

　　When the oxidation degree of cells exceeds the antioxidant capacity of cells to remove oxides, it will form an imbalance between oxidation system and antioxidant system, that is, redox imbalance. Excessive free radicals, especially toxic reactive oxygen species, will begin to attack biological macromolecules and cause tissue and cell damage. Therefore, oxidative damage is the root cause of various diseases and body aging. Taking the treatment of human inflammation as an example, it is generally believed that scavenging oxygen free radicals is the most fundamental way to alleviate inflammatory reaction.

　　Principle of treatment:

　　Hydrogen can scavenge human toxic free radicals.

　　Xu Kecheng, a domestic oncologist and honorary president of Fu Da Cancer Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, told the Yangcheng Evening News reporter that "hydrogen therapy" is a new therapy that is gradually being valued by the medical community. The medical community has carried out more and more research on how many diseases, to what extent, and whether there are side effects.

　　Xu Kecheng introduced that no matter what kind of diseases people suffer from, there is a common factor, that is, the emergence of toxic free radicals in the body. Free radicals (reactive oxygen species) are divided into good and bad ones. Japanese scientists have found that hydrogen can specifically remove bad free radicals. Because one of the most typical and important chemical properties of hydrogen is its reducibility, which can selectively neutralize toxic free radicals. From the analysis of disease mechanism, oxidative damage is the most basic pathophysiological process of almost all diseases. Therefore, since hydrogen is a selective antioxidant, it is likely to have a therapeutic effect on most human diseases.

　　Why does hydrogen have selective antioxidant properties? It turns out that the reducibility of hydrogen is very weak compared with various reductants in the process of cell metabolism. According to the law of redox priority: for the same oxidant, when there are multiple reductants, it usually reacts with the reductants with the strongest reductants first. Therefore, in the normal process of cell metabolism, hydrogen basically has no effect. However, if it is in abnormal cells, the situation is different. For example, in tumor tissue cells, because a large number of free radicals are produced, the normal metabolic reaction cannot be carried out, so other reducing substances are insufficient, which gives hydrogen a chance to react chemically with free radicals, and the result is to cancel out unpaired electrons in free radicals &mdash; &mdash; Most unpaired electrons of free radicals come from oxygen atoms &mdash; &mdash; They can react with hydrogen to produce water, a stable substance, and free radicals that lose oxygen atoms become stable substances in this process.

　　Small side effects,

　　Because hydrogen itself is inactive

　　In Xu Kecheng’s Guan ‘ai Health Studio in Guangdong Province, the reporter saw that the seats next to the 15 "hydrogen-absorbing machines" set here were all filled with people who "sucked hydrogen" with trachea in their noses. The staff told the reporter that this machine can electrolyze water into a mixed gas with 66% hydrogen and 33% oxygen only by adding pure water or distilled water. The patient only needs to take a deep breath and inhale the gas into the body to complete a course of treatment. The time for each "hydrogen inhalation" course is at least one and a half hours. A 62-year-old Chen Yi told the reporter that she was diagnosed with gastric cancer several years ago. After a series of radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments, the whole person became extremely weak. After starting to suck hydrogen in early August this year, she found that her physical condition had improved significantly. "After the first hydrogen inhalation, it was a sweat when I got home; After insisting on smoking for three times, I found that the sleep that I woke up once an hour has improved. Originally, Qing Wu’s face has also improved, and his physical strength has gradually recovered. Now he can go for a walk in the community every day. " Another Abreu also told reporters that he had liver cancer four years ago, and later had an operation to remove it. I didn’t expect it to recur last year. After being recommended to absorb hydrogen, the most obvious change is that sleep is better and the spirit is much better.

　　It turns out that in terms of anti-tumor, tumor cell walls produce more reactive oxygen species than normal cells, which affects cell proliferation, DNA synthesis and angiogenesis, and oxygen free radicals, as "second messengers", play an important role in intracellular signal transduction and can induce and maintain the carcinogenicity of cancer cells. At this time, as an antioxidant, hydrogen has the potential to treat tumor diseases. Moreover, scientists have found that compared with other antioxidant substances, hydrogen can easily pass through the cell membrane and organelle membrane, reach the required parts for reduction reaction, and selectively remove oxygen free radicals. At the same time, because hydrogen itself is inactive, it will not cause physiological function damage and metabolic disorder.

　　Progress is rapid,

　　But the biological safety needs to be verified.

　　The effect of hydrogen on human health can be traced back to 1975. At that time, someone published a paper in Science magazine, saying that continuous breathing of 8 atmospheres of 97.5% hydrogen for 14 days, high-pressure hydrogen can effectively treat animal skin malignant tumors, and that this is the effect obtained through anti-oxidation.

　　In addition, in 2001, French diving doctors also proved that breathing 8 atmospheres of high-pressure hydrogen can also treat the inflammatory reaction caused by Schistosoma hepatica infection, which proved for the first time that hydrogen has anti-inflammatory effect, and proposed that the direct reaction between hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals is the basis for treating inflammatory injury.

　　However, the above research has not attracted widespread attention, mainly because high-pressure hydrogen is difficult to be used as a general clinical treatment.

　　It was not until 2007 that Professor Naruto Ota of Japan Medical University succeeded in the experiment of treating animal cerebral ischemia with 2% hydrogen, and it was published in the journal Nature Medicine, and "hydrogen therapy" finally attracted the attention of the whole world. 2007 is therefore recognized as the first year of "hydrogen medicine".

　　Since then, the research of hydrogen biology has begun to rise. The United States, Japan and China are the countries that have studied the medical biological effects of hydrogen the most, and each country has dozens of research institutions to participate.

　　In China, Sun Xuejun, a professor at Shanghai Second Military Medical University, is considered to be the first person to introduce hydrogen therapy, also known as "the first person in hydrogen medicine in China". Professor Sun Xuejun said that he has been engaged in gas effect research for a long time, but he didn’t start to study the medical effect of hydrogen until he saw the research results of Akio Ota in 2007, and gradually found that this therapy was really useful.

　　Nowadays, the research results of hydrogen biology in domestic medical circles are increasing. Take the number of topics related to "hydrogen medicine" included in China HowNet as an example. In 2007, the topics related to "hydrogen" were all related to energy. After 2007, a large number of papers on "hydrogen" and the medical effects of various diseases appeared, involving mental illness, heart disease, cancer and other fields. Some academicians also began to study "hydrogen medicine". Among them, Wang Hongyang, academician of China Academy of Engineering and director of National Hepatocellular Cancer Science Center, also led the research group to complete the Study of Hydrogen Therapy for Liver Injury, which was published in the internationally renowned Journal of Hepatology.

　　In 2014, Zhong Nanshan, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, discovered that hydrogen is effective for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In his speech at the World Thoracic Congress, he pointed out that "hydrogen molecules are mainly aimed at chronic diseases, and the most basic thing is the enhancement of antioxidant stress, not the simple repair, which is conducive to the recovery of the body. The concept is to treat the cause rather than the symptoms."

　　In March, 2014, the professional committee of hydrogen molecular biomedicine of China Medical Care International Exchange Promotion Association was also announced.

　　However, at present, "hydrogen medicine" is still in the basic and clinical research stage. Xu Kecheng told reporters that he hopes to collect as many clinical cases as possible through public welfare studios. Because some experts pointed out that although hydrogen has been found to be effective for many diseases, the biological mechanism of this effect still needs further study, and its clinical effect needs to be supported by sufficient evidence. For example, Dong Wenbin and Zheng Gaoli from the Institute of Pharmacology of Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences once wrote that the biological safety of hydrogen can not be fully proved at present, and many problems about hydrogen treatment need further study.

　　Key reminder:

　　Self-hydrogen therapy is not recommended.

　　At this point in the article, it is particularly worth reminding that the use of hydrogen to treat diseases should still be operated under the guidance of professional doctors, and it should never be used casually.

　　For example, the hydrogen used in hydrogen balloons is not recommended for treating diseases. In this regard, Lin Xinyong, president of Shanghai Shumei Medical Technology Co., Ltd. said that the gas normally inhaled by the human body must pass the safety tests such as toxicology and biocompatibility before it can be used. Even though water electrolysis can produce hydrogen, there are risks if the related equipment parts are non-medical grade.

　　Wei Youzhen, a professor at the Oriental Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, also said that the hydrogen used in hydrogen balloons is usually industrial hydrogen, and its source is not necessarily generated by water electrolysis. There may be other gases doped, so the purity is not enough, so it is not suitable for human inhalation, and it is not conducive to treating diseases.